Mankhwala ndi njira yochotsera ammonia nayitrogeni m'madzi

1.Kodi ammonia nitrogen ndi chiyani?

Ammonia nitrogen amatanthauza ammonia mu mawonekedwe a ammonia yaulere (kapena non-ionic ammonia, NH3) kapena ionic ammonia (NH4+).pH yapamwamba komanso kuchuluka kwa ammonia yaulere;M'malo mwake, kuchuluka kwa mchere wa ammonium ndikwambiri.

Ammonia nitrogen ndi michere m'madzi, yomwe imatha kupangitsa kuti madzi atuluke m'madzi, ndipo ndiye chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimawononga mpweya m'madzi, chomwe chimakhala poizoni ku nsomba ndi zamoyo zina zam'madzi.

Choyipa chachikulu cha ammonia nayitrogeni pazamoyo zam'madzi ndi ammonia yaulere, yomwe kawopsedwe kake ndi kambirimbiri kuposa mchere wa ammonium, ndipo kumawonjezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa zamchere.Ammonia nayitrogeni kawopsedwe zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi pH mtengo ndi kutentha kwa madzi a dziwe madzi ambiri, ndi apamwamba pH mtengo ndi kutentha madzi, mphamvu kawopsedwe.

Njira ziwiri zofananira za colorimetric zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira ammonia ndi njira yakale ya Nessler reagent ndi phenol-hypochlorite.Titration ndi njira zamagetsi zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito pozindikira ammonia;Pamene ammonia nitrogen ali wambiri, njira ya distillation titration ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito.(Miyezo ya dziko imaphatikizapo njira ya Nath's reagent, salicylic acid spectrophotometry, distillation - titration njira)

2.Physical ndi mankhwala nayitrogeni kuchotsa ndondomeko

① Njira yamakina amvula

Chemical precipitation method, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti MAP precipitation method, ndikuwonjezera magnesium ndi phosphoric acid kapena hydrogen phosphate m'madzi onyansa omwe ali ndi ammonia nitrogen, kotero kuti NH4+ m'madzi atayidwa imakhudzidwa ndi Mg+ ndi PO4- mu njira yamadzi yopangira mpweya wa ammonium magnesium phosphate. , chilinganizo cha maselo ndi MgNH4P04.6H20, kuti akwaniritse cholinga chochotsa ammonia nitrogen.Magnesium ammonium phosphate, omwe amadziwika kuti struvite, amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kompositi, zowonjezera zadothi kapena zoletsa moto pomanga zinthu zamapangidwe.Ma reaction equation ndi awa:

Mg++ NH4 + + PO4 – = MgNH4P04

Zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimakhudza chithandizo cha mpweya wamankhwala ndi pH mtengo, kutentha, ammonia nitrogen concentration ndi molar ratio (n(Mg+): n(NH4+): n(P04-)).Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti pamene pH mtengo ndi 10 ndi chiŵerengero cha molar cha magnesium, nayitrogeni ndi phosphorous ndi 1.2: 1: 1.2, zotsatira za mankhwala zimakhala bwino.

Pogwiritsa ntchito magnesium chloride ndi disodium hydrogen phosphate monga precipitating agents, zotsatira zimasonyeza kuti zotsatira za mankhwala zimakhala bwino pamene pH mtengo ndi 9.5 ndi molar ratio ya magnesium, nitrogen ndi phosphorous ndi 1.2: 1: 1.

Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti MgC12+Na3PO4.12H20 ndiyabwino kuposa kuphatikiza ma agent ena.Phindu la pH likakhala 10.0, kutentha ndi 30 ℃, n(Mg+) : n(NH4+) : n(P04-)= 1:1:1, kuchuluka kwa ammonia nitrogen m'madzi owonongeka pambuyo poti kugwedezeka kwa 30min kumachepetsedwa. kuchokera ku 222mg/L musanayambe mankhwala mpaka 17mg/L, ndipo mlingo wochotsa ndi 92.3%.

The mankhwala mpweya njira ndi madzi nembanemba njira anali pamodzi zochizira mkulu ndende mafakitale ammonia asafe madzi zinyalala.Pansi pa kukhathamiritsa kwa ndondomeko yamvula, kuchotsedwa kwa ammonia nayitrogeni kunafika 98.1%, ndiyeno chithandizo chinanso ndi njira yamadzimadzi filimu chinachepetsa ndende ya ammonia nayitrogeni kufika pa 0.005g/L, kufika pamtundu woyamba wa dziko.

Kuchotsa kwa ayoni achitsulo a divalent (Ni+, Mn+, Zn+, Cu+, Fe+) osati Mg + pa ammonia nitrogen pansi pa zochita za phosphate adafufuzidwa.Njira yatsopano ya CaSO4 precipitation-MAP mpweya idaperekedwa kwa ammonium sulfate madzi onyansa.Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti chowongolera cha NaOH chachikhalidwe chingasinthidwe ndi laimu.

Ubwino wa mankhwala mpweya njira ndi pamene ndende ya ammonia nayitrogeni madzi zinyalala ndi mkulu, ntchito njira zina ndi zochepa, monga njira kwachilengedwenso, break point chlorination njira, nembanemba kulekana njira, ion kuwombola njira, etc. Chemical precipitation njira angagwiritsidwe ntchito chisanadze mankhwala.Kuchotsa bwino kwa njira ya mpweya wa mankhwala ndikwabwino, ndipo sikumangokhala ndi kutentha, ndipo ntchitoyo ndi yosavuta.Dothi lomwe lili ndi magnesium ammonium phosphate litha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati feteleza wophatikiza kuti azindikire kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zinyalala, motero kuchotsera mtengo wake;Ngati chitha kuphatikizidwa ndi mabizinesi akumafakitale omwe amapanga madzi onyansa a phosphate ndi mabizinesi omwe amatulutsa mchere wamchere, amatha kupulumutsa mtengo wamankhwala ndikuwongolera kugwiritsa ntchito kwakukulu.

The kuipa kwa mankhwala mpweya njira ndi chifukwa choletsa solubility mankhwala ammonium magnesium mankwala, pambuyo ammonia asafe m'madzi zinyalala kufika ndende inayake, kuchotsa zotsatira si zoonekeratu ndipo athandizira mtengo kwambiri.Choncho, njira ya mpweya wa mankhwala iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamodzi ndi njira zina zoyenera chithandizo chapamwamba.Kuchuluka kwa reagent yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi yayikulu, matope opangidwa ndi akulu, ndipo mtengo wamankhwala ndi wokwera.The kumayambiriro ayoni kolorayidi ndi phosphorous yotsalira pa mlingo wa mankhwala mosavuta kuchititsa yachiwiri kuipitsa.

Wogulitsa Aluminiyamu Sulfate Wopanga ndi Wogulitsa |EVERBRIGHT (cnchemist.com)

Wogulitsa Dibasic Sodium Phosphate Wopanga ndi Wogulitsa |EVERBRIGHT (cnchemist.com)

②njira yopumira

Kuchotsa ammonia nayitrogeni mwa kuwomba njira ndikusintha pH mtengo kukhala zamchere, kotero kuti ayoni ammonia m'madzi onyansa amasinthidwa kukhala ammonia, kotero kuti amakhalapo makamaka ngati ammonia yaulere, ndiyeno ammonia yaulere imachotsedwa. amadzi onyansa kudzera mu mpweya wonyamulira, kuti akwaniritse cholinga chochotsa ammonia nayitrogeni.Zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimakhudza kuwomba bwino ndi pH mtengo, kutentha, chiŵerengero cha gasi-madzimadzi, kuchuluka kwa gasi, kuthamanga koyambirira ndi zina zotero.Pakalipano, njira yowombera imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochiza madzi oipa omwe ali ndi ammonia nitrogen wambiri.

Kuchotsedwa kwa ammonia nayitrogeni ku leachate yatayipitsidwa ndi njira yophulitsa kunaphunziridwa.Zinapezeka kuti zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimayang'anira kuyendetsa bwino kwa kuphulika zinali kutentha, chiŵerengero cha mpweya wamadzi ndi pH mtengo.Pamene kutentha kwa madzi kuli kwakukulu kuposa 2590, chiŵerengero cha gasi-zamadzimadzi ndi pafupifupi 3500, ndipo pH ili pafupi 10.5, mlingo wochotsamo ukhoza kufika kupitirira 90% ya leachate yotayirapo ndi ammonia nitrogen ndende mpaka 2000-4000mg / L.Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti pH = 11.5, kutentha kwa kuvula ndi 80cC ndipo nthawi yochotsa ndi 120min, kuchuluka kwa ammonia nitrogen m'madzi onyansa kumatha kufika 99.2%.

Kutentha kwamphamvu kwamadzi otayira ammonia nayitrogeni kunkachitika ndi nsanja yophulitsa.Zotsatirazo zikuwonetsa kuti mphamvu yowomba bwino idakwera ndi kuchuluka kwa pH.Kuchuluka kwa chiŵerengero cha gasi-madzimadzi ndi, mphamvu yoyendetsera mphamvu ya ammonia kuchotsa misa imachuluka, ndipo kuvula kumawonjezekanso.

Kuchotsa ammonia nitrogen mwa kuwomba ndi njira yabwino, yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito komanso yosavuta kuwongolera.Nayitrogeni wa ammonia wowombedwa atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chothirira ndi sulfuric acid, ndipo ndalama zopangidwa ndi sulfuric acid zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati fetereza.Njira yophulitsira ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakuchotsa nayitrogeni m'thupi ndi mankhwala pakadali pano.Komabe, njira yophulitsira ili ndi zovuta zina, monga kukulitsa pafupipafupi munsanja yophulitsa, kutsika kwa ammonia nitrogen kuchotsa pa kutentha kochepa, komanso kuipitsa kwina komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha mpweya wophulitsidwa.Njira yophulitsira nthawi zambiri imaphatikizidwa ndi njira zina zoyeretsera madzi a ammonia nayitrogeni kuti akonze madzi otayira a ammonia nayitrogeni ochuluka kwambiri.

③Kuphwanya chlorination

Njira yochotsera ammonia pochotsa chlorine ndikuti mpweya wa chlorine umakumana ndi ammonia kuti upange mpweya wopanda nayitrogeni wopanda vuto, ndipo N2 imathawira mumlengalenga, ndikupangitsa kuti gwero lipitirire kumanja.Reaction formula ndi:

HOCl NH4 + + 1.5 – > 0.5 N2 H20 H++ Cl – 1.5 + 2.5 + 1.5)

Pamene mpweya wa klorini umasamutsidwa m'madzi otayira kumalo enaake, chlorine yaulere m'madzi imakhala yochepa, ndipo ammonia ndi ziro.Kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa chlorine kumadutsa mfundoyo, kuchuluka kwa klorini yaulere m'madzi kumawonjezeka, motero, mfundoyi imatchedwa malo opuma, ndipo chlorine m'chigawo chino imatchedwa break point chlorination.

Njira yopumira ya chlorination imagwiritsidwa ntchito pobowola madzi otayira pambuyo powomba ammonia nayitrogeni, ndipo zotsatira zake zimakhudzidwa mwachindunji ndi kuwomba kwa ammonia nayitrogeni.Pamene 70% ya ammonia nayitrogeni m'madzi otayidwa amachotsedwa ndi kuwomba ndikuwombedwa ndi chlorine, kuchuluka kwa ammonia nitrogen m'madzi otayira kumakhala kosakwana 15mg/L.Zhang Shengli et al.anatenga oyerekeza ammonia nayitrogeni madzi zinyalala ndi misa ndende ya 100mg/L monga chinthu kafukufuku, ndi zotsatira kafukufuku anasonyeza kuti zikuluzikulu ndi yachiwiri zinthu zokhudza kuchotsa ammonia nayitrogeni ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa sodium hypochlorite anali kuchuluka chiŵerengero cha chlorine kuti ammonia nayitrogeni, nthawi yochitira, ndi pH mtengo.

Njira yopumira ya klorini imakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri zochotsa nayitrogeni, kuchuluka kwa kuchotsa kumatha kufika 100%, ndipo kuchuluka kwa ammonia m'madzi oyipa kumatha kuchepetsedwa kukhala ziro.Zotsatira zake zimakhala zokhazikika komanso sizimakhudzidwa ndi kutentha;Zida zochepetsera ndalama, kuyankha mwachangu komanso kwathunthu;Zimakhala ndi zotsatira za yotseketsa ndi disinfection pa madzi thupi.Kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito njira yopumira chlorination ndikuti kuchuluka kwa ammonia nayitrogeni m'madzi onyansa ndi ochepera 40mg/L, kotero njira yopumira chlorination imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochiza ammonia nayitrogeni m'madzi onyansa.Kufunika kogwiritsa ntchito motetezeka ndi kusungirako ndikokwera, mtengo wamankhwala ndi wokwera, ndipo zopangira ma chloramines ndi organic chlorinated zingayambitse kuipitsa kwachiwiri.

④njira ya catalytic oxidation

Catalytic makutidwe ndi okosijeni njira ndi zochita za chothandizira, pansi pa kutentha ndi kukakamizidwa, kudzera mpweya makutidwe ndi okosijeni, zinthu organic ndi ammonia mu zinyalala akhoza oxidized ndi decomposed mu zinthu zopanda vuto monga CO2, N2 ndi H2O, kukwaniritsa cholinga cha kuyeretsedwa.

Zomwe zimakhudza mphamvu ya catalytic oxidation ndizothandizira, kutentha, nthawi yochitira, mtengo wa pH, ndende ya ammonia nitrogen, kuthamanga, kukakamiza kwambiri ndi zina zotero.

Njira yakuwonongeka kwa ozoni ya ammonia nitrogen idaphunziridwa.Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti pH itakwera, mtundu wa HO radical wokhala ndi mphamvu ya okosijeni yamphamvu idapangidwa, ndipo kuchuluka kwa okosijeni kudakwera kwambiri.Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti ozone imatha kutulutsa ammonia nitrogen kukhala nitrite ndi nitrite kukhala nitrate.Kuchuluka kwa ammonia nayitrogeni m'madzi kumachepa ndi kuchuluka kwa nthawi, ndipo kuchuluka kwa ammonia nayitrogeni ndi pafupifupi 82%.CuO-Mn02-Ce02 idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chothandizira kuti athetse ammonia nayitrogeni am'madzi onyansa.Zotsatira zoyeserera zikuwonetsa kuti ntchito ya okosijeni ya chothandizira chatsopanocho chakonzedwa bwino kwambiri, ndipo mikhalidwe yoyenera ndi 255 ℃, 4.2MPa ndi pH = 10.8.Pochiza ammonia nayitrogeni madzi otayika ndi ndende yoyamba ya 1023mg/L, kuchotsedwa kwa ammonia nayitrogeni kumatha kufika 98% mkati mwa 150min, kufika pamtundu wachiwiri wadziko lonse (50mg/L).

Ntchito yothandiza ya zeolite yothandizidwa ndi TiO2 photocatalyst idafufuzidwa powerenga kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka kwa ammonia nitrogen mu sulfuric acid solution.Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti mlingo woyenera wa Ti02/ zeolite photocatalyst ndi 1.5g/L ndipo nthawi yochitapo ndi 4h pansi pa kuwala kwa ultraviolet.Kuchotsa kwa ammonia nayitrogeni m'madzi otayira kumatha kufika 98.92%.Mphamvu yochotsa chitsulo chochuluka ndi nano-chin dioxide pansi pa kuwala kwa ultraviolet pa phenol ndi ammonia nitrogen anaphunziridwa.Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti kuchotsedwa kwa ammonia nitrogen ndi 97.5% pamene pH = 9.0 ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ku njira ya ammonia ya nayitrogeni ndi 50mg / L, yomwe ndi 7.8% ndi 22.5% kuposa yachitsulo chachikulu kapena China dioxide yokha.

Njira ya catalytic oxidation ili ndi ubwino woyeretsa kwambiri, njira yosavuta, malo ang'onoang'ono pansi, ndi zina zotero, ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza madzi otayira a ammonia nayitrogeni.Kuvuta kwa ntchito ndi momwe mungapewere kutayika kwa chothandizira komanso chitetezo cha dzimbiri cha zida.

⑤electrochemical oxidation njira

Njira ya electrochemical oxidation imatanthawuza njira yochotsera zowononga m'madzi pogwiritsa ntchito electrooxidation yokhala ndi ntchito yothandizira.Zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndikuchulukirachulukira kwapano, kuchuluka kwa kulowetsedwa, nthawi yotulutsira ndi nthawi yothetsera mfundo.

Ma electrochemical oxidation a ammonia-nitrogen otayidwa mu cell yozungulira ya electrolytic cell adaphunziridwa, pomwe zabwino ndi Ti/Ru02-TiO2-Ir02-SnO2 network magetsi ndipo zoyipa ndi magetsi a network ya Ti.Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti chloride ion ndende ikakhala 400mg/L, kuchuluka kwa ammonia nayitrogeni ndi 40mg/L, kuthamanga kwamphamvu ndi 600mL/mphindi, kachulukidwe kameneka ndi 20mA/cm, ndipo nthawi ya electrolytic ndi 90min, ammonia. Kuchotsa kwa nayitrogeni ndi 99.37%.Zikuwonetsa kuti electrolytic oxidation ya ammonia-nitrogen oxidation ali ndi chiyembekezo chogwiritsa ntchito bwino.

3. Njira yochotsera nayitrogeni ya biochemical

①nitrification yonse ndi denitrification

Njira yonse ya nitrification ndi denitrification ndi njira yachilengedwe yomwe yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kwa nthawi yayitali pano.Imatembenuza ammonia nayitrogeni m'madzi onyansa kukhala nayitrogeni kudzera muzochita zingapo monga nitrification ndi denitrification pansi pa zochita za tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, kuti tikwaniritse cholinga chakuthira madzi onyansa.Njira ya nitrification ndi denitrification kuchotsa ammonia nitrogen iyenera kudutsa magawo awiri:

Kuchita kwa nitrification: Kuchita kwa nitrification kumatsirizidwa ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta aerobic autotrophic.M'malo a aerobic, nayitrogeni wachilengedwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gwero la nayitrogeni kutembenuza NH4 + kukhala NO2-, kenako amalowetsedwa kukhala NO3-.Njira ya nitrification ikhoza kugawidwa m'magawo awiri.Mu gawo lachiwiri, nitrite imasinthidwa kukhala nitrate (NO3-) ndi mabakiteriya a nitrifying, ndipo nitrite imasinthidwa kukhala nitrate (NO3-) ndi mabakiteriya a nitrifying.

Denitrification reaction: Denitrification reaction ndi njira yomwe mabakiteriya otsutsa amachepetsa nitrite nayitrogeni ndi nayitrogeni wa nitrate kukhala mpweya wa nayitrogeni (N2) mu hypoxia.Mabakiteriya odziwika ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta heterotrophic, ambiri mwa mabakiteriya a amphictic.Mu chikhalidwe cha hypoxia, amagwiritsa ntchito mpweya mu nitrate monga electron kuvomereza ndi zinthu organic (BOD chigawo mu zimbudzi) monga electron donor kupereka mphamvu ndi oxidized ndi okhazikika.

Ntchito yonse ya uinjiniya wa nitrification ndi denitrification makamaka imaphatikizapo AO, A2O, ngalande ya oxidation, ndi zina zotero, yomwe ndi njira yokhwima yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa nayitrogeni.

Njira yonse ya nitrification ndi denitrification ili ndi ubwino wokhazikika, ntchito yosavuta, palibe kuipitsa kwachiwiri komanso mtengo wotsika.Njirayi ilinso ndi zovuta zina, monga gwero la kaboni liyenera kuwonjezeredwa pamene chiŵerengero cha C/N m'madzi otayidwa ndi chochepa, kutentha kumafunika kwambiri, kutentha kumakhala kochepa pa kutentha kochepa, malo ndi aakulu, kufunikira kwa okosijeni. ndi zazikulu, ndipo zinthu zina zovulaza monga zitsulo zolemera kwambiri zimakhala ndi mphamvu zowonongeka pa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, zomwe ziyenera kuchotsedwa njira yachilengedwe isanayambe.Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwa ammonia nayitrogeni m'madzi otayidwa kumakhalanso ndi vuto loletsa njira ya nitrification.Choncho, pretreatment ayenera kuchitidwa pamaso mankhwala a mkulu-ndende ammonia asafe madzi zinyalala kuti ndende ya ammonia nayitrogeni madzi oipa ndi zosakwana 500mg/L.The chikhalidwe kwachilengedwenso njira ndi oyenera zochizira otsika ndende ammonia nayitrogeni madzi zinyalala munali zinthu organic, monga zimbudzi m'nyumba, mankhwala zinyalala, etc.

②Simultaneous nitrification ndi denitrification (SND)

Pamene nitrification ndi denitrification ikuchitika pamodzi riyakitala chomwecho, amatchedwa munthawi yomweyo chimbudzi denitrification (SND).Mpweya wosungunuka m'madzi onyansa umachepa chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mpweya wosungunuka kuti upangitse mpweya wosungunuka m'dera la microenvironment pa microbial floc kapena biofilm, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpweya wosungunuka ukhale kunja kwa microbial floc kapena biofilm imathandizira kukula ndi kufalikira. mabakiteriya a aerobic nitrifying ndi mabakiteriya ammoniating.Kuzama kwa floc kapena nembanemba, kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa okosijeni wosungunuka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madera a anoxic azitha kulamulira mabakiteriya otsutsa.Choncho kupanga munthawi yomweyo chimbudzi ndi denitrification ndondomeko.Zinthu zomwe zimakhudza chimbudzi ndi denitrification nthawi imodzi ndi PH mtengo, kutentha, alkalinity, organic carbon source, mpweya wosungunuka ndi zaka za sludge.

Nthawi yomweyo nitrification / denitrification inalipo mu dzenje la Carrousel oxidation, ndipo kuchuluka kwa okosijeni wosungunuka pakati pa choyikapo mpweya mu ngalande ya Carrousel oxidation kunachepa pang'onopang'ono, ndipo mpweya wosungunuka m'munsi mwa ngalande ya Carrousel oxidation unali wotsika kuposa womwe uli kumtunda. .Mapangidwe ndi magwiritsidwe a nayitrogeni wa nitrate mu gawo lililonse la njirayo amakhala pafupifupi ofanana, ndipo kuchuluka kwa ammonia nayitrogeni mumsewu nthawi zonse kumakhala kotsika kwambiri, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti nitrification ndi denitrification zimachitika nthawi imodzi munjira ya Carrousel oxidation.

Kafukufuku wokhudza kuchiza zimbudzi zapakhomo akuwonetsa kuti CODCr ikakhala yokwera, m'pamenenso kutulutsa kokwanira komanso kuchotsa kwa TN kwabwinoko.Zotsatira za okosijeni wosungunuka pa nthawi imodzi ya nitrification ndi denitrification ndizabwino.Pamene mpweya wosungunuka umayendetsedwa pa 0.5 ~ 2mg / L, mphamvu yonse yochotsa nayitrogeni ndi yabwino.Nthawi yomweyo, njira ya nitrification ndi denitrification imapulumutsa riyakitala, ifupikitsa nthawi yochitira, imakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa, imapulumutsa ndalama, ndipo ndiyosavuta kusunga pH mtengo wokhazikika.

③Kugaya chakudya pang'ono ndi denitrification

Mu riyakitala yemweyo, ammonia oxidizing mabakiteriya ntchito oxidize ammonia kuti nitrite pansi zinthu aerobic, ndiyeno nitrite mwachindunji denitrified kutulutsa asafe ndi organic kanthu kapena kunja mpweya gwero monga elekitironi donor pansi pa hypoxia zinthu.Zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi nitrification yaifupi ndi denitrification ndi kutentha, ammonia yaulere, mtengo wa pH ndi mpweya wosungunuka.

Zotsatira za kutentha pa nitrification yaifupi yamadzi am'matauni opanda madzi am'nyanja ndi zimbudzi za tauni ndi 30% yamadzi am'nyanja.Zotsatira zoyesera zikuwonetsa kuti: kwa zimbudzi zamatauni popanda madzi a m'nyanja, kuwonjezera kutentha kumathandizira kukwaniritsa nitrification yaifupi.Pamene gawo la madzi a m'nyanja mu zimbudzi zapakhomo ndi 30%, nitrification yaifupi imatha kupezeka bwino pansi pa kutentha kwapakati.Delft University of Technology idapanga njira ya SHARON, kugwiritsa ntchito kutentha kwakukulu (pafupifupi 30-4090) kumathandizira kufalikira kwa mabakiteriya a nitrite, kotero kuti mabakiteriya a nitrite amataya mpikisano, ndikuwongolera zaka za sludge kuti athetse mabakiteriya a nitrite, kuti nitrification reaction mu gawo la nitrite.

Kutengera kusiyana kwa kuyanjana kwa okosijeni pakati pa mabakiteriya a nitrite ndi mabakiteriya a nitrite, Bungwe la Gent Microbial Ecology Laboratory linapanga njira ya OLAND kuti akwaniritse kudzikundikira kwa nitrite nitrogen mwa kulamulira mpweya wosungunuka kuti athetse mabakiteriya a nitrite.

Zotsatira zoyesa zoyesa zochizira madzi otayira pophika ndi nitrification yaifupi ndi denitrification zikuwonetsa kuti pamene COD, ammonia nitrogen, TN ndi phenol concentrations ndi 1201.6,510.4,540.1 ndi 110.4mg/L, pafupifupi COD yamadzimadzi ya COD, ammonia nitrogen. , TN ndi phenol ndende ndi 197.1,14.2,181.5 ndi 0.4mg/L, motero.Miyezo yofanana yochotsamo inali 83.6%,97.2%, 66.4% ndi 99.6%, motsatana.

Njira yaifupi ya nitrification ndi denitrification sidutsa gawo la nitrate, kupulumutsa gwero la mpweya wofunikira pakuchotsa nayitrogeni.Ili ndi zabwino zina pamadzi otayira ammonia nayitrogeni okhala ndi chiŵerengero chochepa cha C/N.Nitrification yaifupi ndi denitrification imakhala ndi ubwino wa sludge yochepa, nthawi yochepa yochitapo kanthu komanso kupulumutsa mphamvu ya reactor.Komabe, nitrification yochepa ndi denitrification imafuna kudzikundikira kokhazikika komanso kosatha kwa nitrite, kotero momwe mungaletsere bwino ntchito ya mabakiteriya a nitrifying imakhala chinsinsi.

④ Anaerobic ammonia oxidation

Anaerobic ammoxidation ndi njira yopangira makutidwe ndi okosijeni a ammonia nayitrogeni kupita ku nayitrogeni ndi mabakiteriya a autotrophic pansi pa chikhalidwe cha hypoxia, ndi nayitrogeni wa nayitrogeni kapena nayitrogeni wa nayitrogeni monga wolandila ma elekitironi.

Zotsatira za kutentha ndi PH pazochitika zamoyo za anammoX zinaphunziridwa.Zotsatira zinawonetsa kuti kutentha kwabwinoko kunali 30 ℃ ndipo pH mtengo unali 7.8.Kuthekera kwa anaerobic ammoX reactor pochiza mchere wambiri komanso kuchuluka kwa madzi otayira a nayitrogeni kunawerengedwa.Zotsatira zinawonetsa kuti mchere wambiri umalepheretsa kwambiri ntchito ya anammoX, ndipo kulepheretsa kumeneku kunali kosinthika.Ntchito ya anaerobic ammox ya sludge yosavomerezeka inali yotsika ndi 67.5% kuposa ya matope olamulira pansi pa mchere wa 30g.L-1(NaC1).Ntchito ya anammoX ya sludge yokhazikika inali yotsika ndi 45.1% kuposa yowongolera.Pamene zinyalala zowonongeka zinasamutsidwa kuchokera kumalo a mchere wambiri kupita kumalo opanda mchere (opanda brine), ntchito ya anaerobic ammoX inawonjezeka ndi 43.1%.Komabe, riyakitala imakonda kuchepa kugwira ntchito ikamayenda mumchere wambiri kwa nthawi yayitali.

Poyerekeza ndi chikhalidwe chachilengedwe chachilengedwe, anaerobic ammoX ndiukadaulo wochotsa nayitrogeni wokwera kwambiri wopanda gwero la mpweya wowonjezera, kusowa kwa okosijeni wocheperako, osafunikira kuti ma reagents achepetse, komanso kupanga matope ochepa.Zoyipa za anaerobic ammox ndikuti liwiro la zomwe limachita ndi lochedwa, voliyumu ya riyakitala ndi yayikulu, ndipo gwero la kaboni silikuyenda bwino ku anaerobic amMOX, lomwe lili ndi tanthauzo lothandiza pakuthetsa madzi otayira a ammonia nayitrogeni okhala ndi kuwonongeka kosauka.

4.kupatukana ndi adsorption nitrogen kuchotsa ndondomeko

① njira yolekanitsa membrane

Mamembrane kulekana njira ndi ntchito kusankha permeability wa nembanemba kuti kusankha kulekanitsa zigawo zikuluzikulu mu madzi, kuti akwaniritse cholinga cha kuchotsa ammonia nayitrogeni.Kuphatikizira reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, deammoniating nembanemba ndi electrodialysis.Zomwe zimakhudza kupatukana kwa membrane ndi mawonekedwe a nembanemba, kuthamanga kapena voliyumu, mtengo wa pH, kutentha ndi kuchuluka kwa ammonia nayitrogeni.

Malinga ndi mtundu wamadzi ammonia nayitrogeni wamadzi otayira omwe amatulutsidwa ndi smelter osowa padziko lapansi, kuyesa kwa reverse osmosis kunachitika ndi NH4C1 ndi NaCI yoyeserera madzi onyansa.Zinapezeka kuti pansi pazikhalidwe zomwezo, reverse osmosis ili ndi chiwerengero chapamwamba chochotsa NaCI, pamene NHCl ili ndi mlingo wapamwamba wopangira madzi.Kuchotsa kwa NH4C1 ndi 77.3% pambuyo pa chithandizo cha reverse osmosis, chomwe chingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati kusungira madzi a ammonia nayitrogeni.Tekinoloje yosinthika ya osmosis imatha kupulumutsa mphamvu, kukhazikika kwamafuta abwino, koma kukana kwa chlorine, kukana kuipitsidwa ndizovuta.

A biochemical nanofiltration membrane kulekanitsa ndondomeko anagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza leachate kutayirako, kotero kuti 85% ~ 90% ya permeable madzi anatayidwa malinga ndi muyezo, ndipo 0% ~ 15% yokha ya ndende zonyansa madzi ndi matope anabwezedwa ku thanki ya zinyalala.Ozturki et al.Anachitira ndi leachate ya Odayeri ku Turkey ndi nanofiltration nembanemba, ndipo kuchuluka kwa ammonia nitrogen kunali pafupifupi 72%.Nanofiltration nembanemba imafuna kupanikizika kochepa kuposa nembanemba ya reverse osmosis, yosavuta kugwira ntchito.

Dongosolo lochotsa ammonia nthawi zambiri limagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza madzi oipa okhala ndi ammonia nitrogen wambiri.Nayitrogeni wa ammonia m’madzi ali ndi mlingo wotsatirawu: NH4- +OH-= NH3+H2O ikugwira ntchito, madzi oipa okhala ndi ammonia amayenda m’chigoba cha membanemba, ndipo madzi amene amayamwa asidi amayenda mu chitoliro cha nembanemba. moduli.Pamene PH ya madzi otayira ikuwonjezeka kapena kutentha kukwera, mgwirizano udzasunthira kumanja, ndipo ammonium ion NH4- imakhala mpweya waulere NH3.Panthawi imeneyi, mpweya NH3 akhoza kulowa asidi mayamwidwe madzi gawo mu chitoliro ku zinyalala gawo madzi mu chipolopolo kudzera micropores pamwamba pa dzenje CHIKWANGWANI, amene odzipereka ndi asidi njira ndipo nthawi yomweyo amakhala ayoni NH4-.Sungani PH ya madzi onyansa pamwamba pa 10, ndi kutentha pamwamba pa 35 ° C (m'munsimu 50 ° C), kuti NH4 mu gawo lamadzi onyansa apitirize kukhala NH3 ku kusamuka kwamadzimadzi.Zotsatira zake, kuchuluka kwa ammonia nayitrogeni m'mbali mwamadzi onyansa kumachepa mosalekeza.The asidi mayamwidwe madzi gawo, chifukwa pali asidi ndi NH4-, ndipamene kwambiri koyera ammonium mchere, ndi kufika ndende zina pambuyo mosalekeza kufalitsidwa, amene akhoza zobwezerezedwanso.Kumbali imodzi, kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo uwu kumatha kusintha kwambiri kuchuluka kwa kuchotsedwa kwa ammonia nayitrogeni m'madzi otayira, ndipo kumbali ina, kumatha kuchepetsa mtengo wonse wogwirira ntchito wamadzi otayira.

②njira ya electrodialysis

Electrodialysis ndi njira yochotsera zolimba zomwe zasungunuka kuchokera kumadzi amadzimadzi pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamagetsi pakati pa awiriawiri a nembanemba.Pansi pa mphamvu yamagetsi, ma ion ammonia ndi ayoni ena m'madzi onyansa a ammonia-nitrogen amalemeretsedwa kudzera mu nembanemba m'madzi okhazikika a ammonia, kuti akwaniritse cholinga chochotsa.

Njira ya electrodialysis idagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza madzi onyansa okhala ndi ammonia nitrogen wambiri ndipo adapeza zotsatira zabwino.Kwa 2000-3000mg / L ammonia nayitrogeni wamadzi onyansa, kuchotsedwa kwa ammonia nayitrogeni kumatha kupitilira 85%, ndipo madzi okhazikika ammonia amatha kupezeka ndi 8.9%.Kuchuluka kwa magetsi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi ya electrodialysis ndikofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa ammonia nitrogen m'madzi onyansa.Kuchiza kwa electrodialysis m'madzi akuwonongeka sikungotengera pH mtengo, kutentha ndi kupanikizika, ndipo ndikosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito.

Ubwino wa kulekana kwa nembanemba ndi mkulu kuchira ammonia nayitrogeni, ntchito yosavuta, khola mankhwala zotsatira ndipo palibe yachiwiri kuipitsa.Komabe, pochiza ammonia nayitrogeni wochuluka kwambiri, kupatulapo nembanemba ya deammoniated, nembanemba zina ndizosavuta kukulitsa ndikutsekeka, ndipo kusinthika ndi kuchapa msana kumachitika pafupipafupi, ndikuwonjezera mtengo wamankhwala.Choncho, njira imeneyi ndi yabwino kwa pretreatment kapena otsika ndende ammonia asafe madzi zinyalala.

③ Njira yosinthira ion

Njira yosinthira ion ndi njira yochotsera ammonia nayitrogeni m'madzi oyipa pogwiritsa ntchito zida zokhala ndi ma ion ammonia.Zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi kaboni, zeolite, montmorillonite ndi kusinthana utomoni.Zeolite ndi mtundu wa silico-aluminate yokhala ndi mawonekedwe atatu apakati, mawonekedwe a pore nthawi zonse ndi mabowo, omwe clinoptilolite ali ndi mphamvu yosankha ma adsorption a ammonia ion ndi mtengo wotsika, chifukwa chake amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zokometsera ammonia nayitrogeni. mu engineering.Zomwe zimakhudza mphamvu ya chithandizo cha clinoptilolite zikuphatikiza kukula kwa tinthu, kuchuluka kwa ammonia nayitrogeni, nthawi yolumikizana, mtengo wa pH ndi zina zotero.

Zotsatira za zeolite pa ammonia nitrogen ndizodziwikiratu, zotsatiridwa ndi ranite, ndipo zotsatira za nthaka ndi ceramisite ndizosauka.Njira yayikulu yochotsera ammonia nayitrogeni ku zeolite ndikusinthana kwa ion, ndipo mawonekedwe a adsorption akuthupi ndi ochepa kwambiri.Kusinthana kwa ion kwa ceramite, dothi ndi ranite ndizofanana ndi kutsatsa kwakuthupi.Kuchuluka kwa ma adsorption a ma fillers anayiwo kudachepa ndi kuchuluka kwa kutentha kwapakati pa 15-35 ℃, ndikuwonjezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa pH pamitundu ya 3-9.Kulumikizana kwa adsorption kudafikira pambuyo pa 6h oscillation.

Kuthekera kochotsa ammonia nayitrogeni ku leachate yotayira pansi ndi zeolite adsorption idaphunziridwa.Zotsatira zoyesera zikuwonetsa kuti gramu iliyonse ya zeolite ili ndi mphamvu yochepa ya 15.5mg ammonia nitrogen, pamene zeolite particle size ndi 30-16 mesh, kuchotsedwa kwa ammonia nitrogen kumafika 78.5%, ndipo pansi pa nthawi yofananira, mlingo ndi Kukula kwa tinthu ta zeolite, kumapangitsa kuti ammonia nitrogen achuluke kwambiri, kuchuluka kwa adsorption kumakwera, ndipo ndizotheka kuti zeolite ngati adsorbent kuchotsa ammonia nayitrogeni ku leachate.Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zimasonyezedwa kuti mlingo wa adsorption wa ammonia nitrogen ndi zeolite ndi wochepa, ndipo n'zovuta kuti zeolite zifikire mphamvu zowonongeka pakugwira ntchito.

Kuchotsa kwa biological zeolite bedi pa nayitrogeni, COD ndi zoipitsa zina m'chimbudzi cham'midzi chofananira chidaphunziridwa.Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa ammonia nitrogen ndi bedi la biological zeolite kuli kopitilira 95%, ndipo kuchotsedwa kwa nayitrogeni wa nitrate kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi nthawi yokhala ndi ma hydraulic.

Njira yosinthira ion ili ndi ubwino wa ndalama zazing'ono, njira yosavuta, ntchito yabwino, yosakhudzidwa ndi poizoni ndi kutentha, ndikugwiritsanso ntchito zeolite mwa kubadwanso.Komabe, pochiza madzi onyansa a ammonia nayitrogeni ammonia, kusinthika kumachitika pafupipafupi, zomwe zimabweretsa kusokoneza kwa ntchitoyo, chifukwa chake ziyenera kuphatikizidwa ndi njira zina zothandizira ammonia nayitrogeni, kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza ammonia nayitrogeni otsika.

Wogulitsa 4A Zeolite Wopanga ndi Wogulitsa |EVERBRIGHT (cnchemist.com)