Madzi otayira a Acid ndi madzi otayira okhala ndi pH yamtengo wochepera 6. Malinga ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso kuchuluka kwa ma acid, madzi onyansa a acidic amatha kugawidwa kukhala madzi otayira a asidi okhala ndi acid komanso madzi onyansa a organic acid.Madzi otayira amphamvu a asidi ndi madzi otayira a asidi ofooka;Madzi otayira a monoacid ndi madzi otayira a polyacid;Low ndende acidic madzi zinyalala ndi mkulu ndende acidic zinyalala.Nthawi zambiri madzi otayira acidic, kuphatikiza okhala ndi asidi, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ayoni achitsulo cholemera ndi mchere wawo ndi zinthu zina zovulaza.Madzi otayira acid amachokera kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo ngalande zamigodi, hydrometallurgy, kugudubuza zitsulo, mankhwala a asidi pamwamba pa zitsulo ndi zitsulo zopanda chitsulo, makampani opanga mankhwala, kupanga asidi, utoto, electrolysis, electroplating, ulusi wochita kupanga ndi mafakitale ena.Madzi otayidwa a asidi ambiri ndi madzi onyansa a sulfuric acid, otsatiridwa ndi hydrochloric acid ndi nitric acid madzi onyansa.Chaka chilichonse, dziko la China latsala pang'ono kutulutsa zinyalala za asidi pafupifupi miliyoni imodzi, ngati madzi otayirawa atayidwa mwachindunji popanda chithandizo, adzawononga mapaipi, kuwononga mbewu, kuvulaza nsomba, kuwononga zombo, ndikuwononga thanzi la chilengedwe.Madzi otayira a asidi a mafakitale amayenera kusanjidwa kuti akwaniritse miyezo yadziko lonse asanatulutsidwe, madzi onyansa a asidi amatha kubwezeredwa ndikugwiritsidwanso ntchito.Pochiza zinyalala za asidi, njira zomwe zingasankhidwe zimaphatikizapo chithandizo chamchere, njira ya ndende, njira ya neutralization ya mankhwala, njira yochotsera, njira ya ion exchange resin, njira yolekanitsa membrane, ndi zina zotero.
1. mchere kunja yobwezeretsanso
Otchedwa salting kunja ndi ntchito kuchuluka kwa zimalimbikitsa madzi mchere precipitate pafupifupi onse organic zosafunika mu zinyalala asidi.Komabe, njira imeneyi adzatulutsa asidi hydrochloric ndi kukhudza kuchira ndi magwiritsidwe asidi sulfuric mu zinyalala asidi, kotero njira salting kunja zosafunika organic mu zinyalala asidi ndi sodium bisulphate anodzaza njira anaphunzira.
The zinyalala asidi lili sulfuric acid ndi zosiyanasiyana zosafunika organic, amene makamaka pang'ono 6-chloro-3-nitrotoluene-4 sulfonic asidi ndi ma isomers osiyanasiyana kuposa 6-chloro-3-nitrotoluene-4-sulfonic asidi opangidwa ndi toluene mu njira ya sulfnation, chlorination ndi nitrification.Njira yopangira mchere ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito madzi amchere ochuluka kuti athetse pafupifupi zonyansa zonse zomwe zili mu acid.The mchere kunja yobwezeretsanso njira osati kuchotsa zosiyanasiyana zosafunika organic mu asidi zinyalala, komanso achire sulfuric asidi kuika mu mkombero kupanga, kupulumutsa mtengo ndi mphamvu.
2. Njira yakuwotcha
Kukuwotcha njira umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa kosakhazikika asidi monga hydrochloric acid, amene analekanitsidwa ndi yankho ndi Kukuwotcha kukwaniritsa kuchira kwenikweni.
3. Chemical neutralization njira
The Basic acid-base reaction of H+(aq)+OH-(aq)=H2O ndiwonso maziko ofunikira pochizira madzi otayira okhala ndi asidi.The njira wamba kuchitira asidi munali madzi zinyalala monga neutralization ndi yobwezeretsanso, neutralization wa acid-m`munsi neutralization madzi oipa, mankhwala neutralization, kusefera neutralization, etc. M`masiku oyambirira ena chitsulo ndi zitsulo mabizinesi ku China, ambiri a iwo ntchito njira ya asidi-m'munsi neutralization kuchitira zinyalala zamadzimadzi hydrochloric asidi ndi sulfuric asidi pickling, kuti pH mtengo anafika kumaliseche muyezo.Sodium carbonate (soda phulusa), sodium hydroxide, miyala yamchere kapena laimu monga zopangira asidi-m'munsi neutralization, ntchito ambiri ndi wotchipa, zosavuta kupanga laimu.
4. Njira yochotsera
Zamadzimadzi-zamadzimadzi m'zigawo, amatchedwanso zosungunulira m'zigawo, ndi unit ntchito ntchito kusiyana solubility wa zigawo zikuluzikulu mu zopangira madzi mu zosungunulira yoyenera kukwaniritsa kulekana.Pochiza madzi onyansa okhala ndi asidi, ndikofunikira kupanga madzi otayira okhala ndi asidi ndi zosungunulira za organic kukhudzana kwathunthu, kuti zonyansa zomwe zili mu acid zinyamulidwe zimasamutsidwa ku zosungunulira.Zofunikira zochotsera ndi: (1) chifukwa asidi otayira ndi inert, samachita ndi asidi otayika, ndipo samasungunuka mu asidi;(2) Zonyansa mu asidi zinyalala ndi mkulu kugawa coefficient mu extractant ndi asidi sulfuric;(3) Mtengo wake ndi wotchipa komanso wosavuta kuupeza;(4) Kusiyanitsa kosavuta ndi zonyansa, kutaya pang'ono povula.Zotulutsa wamba monga benzene (toluene, nitrobenzene, chlorobenzene), phenols (creosote crude diphenol), halogenated hydrocarbons (trichloroethane, dichloroethane), isopropyl ether ndi N-503.
5. ion kuwombola utomoni njira
Mfundo yofunikira pochiza organic acid zinyalala zamadzimadzi pogwiritsa ntchito utomoni wosinthanitsa ndi ayoni ndikuti ma resin ena a ayoni amatha kuyamwa ma organic acid kuchokera ku zinyalala za asidi ndikupatula ma inorganic zidulo ndi mchere wachitsulo kuti akwaniritse kulekanitsa kwa zidulo zosiyanasiyana ndi mchere.
6. njira yolekanitsa nembanemba
Kwa acidic zinyalala zamadzimadzi, njira zochizira nembanemba monga dialysis ndi electrodialysis zitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito.Kuchira kwa membrane wa zinyalala za acid makamaka kumatengera mfundo ya dialysis, yomwe imayendetsedwa ndi kusiyana kwa ndende.Chipangizo chonsecho chimapangidwa ndi nembanemba ya diffusion dialysis, mbale yoperekera madzi, kulimbikitsa mbale, chimango chamadzimadzi otaya mbale, etc., ndipo imakwaniritsa kulekanitsa polekanitsa zinthu mumadzi otayirira.
7. kuzirala crystallization njira
Kuzizira crystallization njira ndi njira kuchepetsa kutentha kwa yankho ndi precipitate solute.Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza zinyalala za asidi kuti zonyansa zomwe zili mu asidi zinyalala ziziziritsidwa kuti zibwezeretse yankho la asidi lomwe limakwaniritsa zofunikira ndipo lingagwiritsidwenso ntchito.Mwachitsanzo, zinyalala sulfuric asidi kutulutsidwa ku acyl-kutsuka ndondomeko anagubuduza mphero lili wambirimbiri ferrous sulphate, amene ankachitira ndi ndondomeko ndende-crystallization ndi kusefera.Pambuyo pa kuchotsedwa kwa ferrous sulfate ndi kusefera, asidiyo akhoza kubwezeredwa ku njira yopangira zitsulo kuti apitirize kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kuzizira kwa crystallization kuli ndi ntchito zambiri zamafakitale, zomwe zikuwonetsedwa apa ndi njira yowotchera pokonza zitsulo.Pokonza zitsulo ndi makina, njira ya sulfuric acid imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa dzimbiri pazitsulo.Choncho, kubwezereranso zinyalala za asidi kungachepetse kwambiri ndalama komanso kuteteza chilengedwe.Kuzizira crystallization ntchito makampani kukwaniritsa njirayi.
8. Njira ya okosijeni
Njira imeneyi yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali, ndipo mfundo ndi kuwola zonyansa organic mu zinyalala asidi sulfuric ndi oxidizing wothandizila pa zinthu zoyenera, kotero kuti akhoza kusandulika mpweya woipa, madzi, nayitrogeni oxides, etc., ndi olekanitsidwa ndi asidi sulfuric, kuti zinyalala sulfuric asidi akhoza kuyeretsedwa ndi kuchira.Ambiri ntchito okosijeni ndi hydrogen peroxide, asidi nitric, asidi perchloric, asidi hypochlorous, nitrate, ozoni ndi zina zotero.Aliyense oxidizer ali ndi ubwino wake ndi zofooka.
Nthawi yotumiza: Apr-10-2024
