Mankhwala ndi njira yochotsera ammonia nayitrogeni m'madzi

1. Kodi ammonia nayitrogeni ndi chiyani?

Ammonia nayitrogeni amatanthauza ammonia mu mawonekedwe a ammonia yaulere (kapena ammonia yosakhala ionic, NH3) kapena ammonia ya ionic (NH4+). pH yokwera ndi kuchuluka kwa ammonia yaulere; M'malo mwake, kuchuluka kwa mchere wa ammonium ndi kwakukulu.

Ammonia nayitrogeni ndi michere yomwe imapezeka m'madzi, zomwe zingayambitse kusungunuka kwa madzi m'madzi, ndipo ndiye chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimawononga mpweya m'madzi, chomwe ndi poizoni kwa nsomba ndi zamoyo zina zam'madzi.

Choyipa chachikulu cha ammonia nayitrogeni pa zamoyo zam'madzi ndi ammonia yaulere, yomwe poizoni wake ndi wochulukirapo kambiri kuposa mchere wa ammonium, ndipo imawonjezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa alkalinity. Kuopsa kwa ammonia nayitrogeni kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi pH ndi kutentha kwa madzi m'madzi a dziwe, kawirikawiri, pH ndi kutentha kwa madzi zikakwera, poizoniyo amakhala wamphamvu kwambiri.

Njira ziwiri zoyerekeza za colorimetric zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira ammonia ndi njira yakale ya Nessler reagent ndi njira ya phenol-hypochlorite. Njira zowerengera ndi zamagetsi zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito pozindikira ammonia; Pamene ammonia ili ndi nayitrogeni yambiri, njira yowerengera distillation ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito. (Miyezo ya dziko lonse ikuphatikizapo njira ya Nath's reagent, salicylic acid spectrophotometry, distillation - titration method)

2. Njira yochotsera nayitrogeni mwakuthupi ndi mankhwala

① Njira yopezera madzi m'thupi

Njira yothira mankhwala, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti njira yothira madzi ya MAP, ndi kuwonjezera magnesium ndi phosphoric acid kapena hydrogen phosphate m'madzi otayira okhala ndi ammonia nitrogen, kuti NH4+ m'madzi otayira igwirizane ndi Mg+ ndi PO4- mu yankho lamadzi kuti ipange ammonium magnesium phosphate precipitation, fomula ya molekyulu ndi MgNH4P04.6H20, kuti cholinga chochotsa ammonia nitrogen chikwaniritsidwe. Magnesium ammonium phosphate, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti struvite, ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati manyowa, chowonjezera cha nthaka kapena choletsa moto pomanga zinthu zomangira. Equation ya reaction ndi iyi:

Mg++ NH4 + + PO4 – = MgNH4P04

Zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimakhudza zotsatira za mankhwala a mvula ndi pH, kutentha, kuchuluka kwa ammonia nayitrogeni ndi molar ratio (n(Mg+) : n(NH4+) : n(P04-)). Zotsatira zake zikusonyeza kuti pH ikakhala 10 ndipo molar ratio ya magnesium, nayitrogeni ndi phosphorous ndi 1.2:1:1.2, zotsatira za mankhwala zimakhala bwino.

Pogwiritsa ntchito magnesium chloride ndi disodium hydrogen phosphate ngati zinthu zoyambitsa kuzizira, zotsatira zake zikusonyeza kuti zotsatira zake zimakhala bwino pamene pH ili 9.5 ndipo chiŵerengero cha molar cha magnesium, nayitrogeni ndi phosphorous chili 1.2:1:1.

Zotsatira zake zikusonyeza kuti MgC12+Na3PO4.12H20 ndi yabwino kuposa mitundu ina ya zinthu zoyambitsa mvula. Pamene pH ili 10.0, kutentha kwake ndi 30℃, n(Mg+) : n(NH4+) : n(P04-)= 1:1:1, kuchuluka kwa ammonia nayitrogeni m'madzi otayira mutatha kusakaniza kwa mphindi 30 kumachepa kuchoka pa 222mg/L musanagwiritse ntchito mankhwalawo kufika pa 17mg/L, ndipo kuchuluka kwa madzi ochotsedwa ndi 92.3%.

Njira yothira mankhwala ndi njira ya nembanemba yamadzimadzi zinaphatikizidwa kuti zithetse madzi otayira ammonia nitrogen okhala ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu. Potsatira njira yothira bwino, kuchuluka kwa ammonia nitrogen kunafika pa 98.1%, kenako njira yothira madzi inachepetsa kuchuluka kwa ammonia nitrogen kufika pa 0.005g/L, kufika pa muyezo wa dziko lonse wa mpweya woipa.

Kuchotsedwa kwa ma ayoni achitsulo a divalent (Ni+, Mn+, Zn+, Cu+, Fe+) kupatula Mg+ pa ammonia nayitrogeni pansi pa mphamvu ya phosphate kunafufuzidwa. Njira yatsopano yochotsera CaSO4 precipitation-MAP inaperekedwa pa madzi otayira ammonium sulfate. Zotsatira zake zikusonyeza kuti chowongolera chachikhalidwe cha NaOH chingalowe m'malo ndi laimu.

Ubwino wa njira yothira mankhwala ndi wakuti pamene kuchuluka kwa madzi otayira a ammonia nitrogen kuli kwakukulu, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zina kumakhala kochepa, monga njira yachilengedwe, njira yothira chlorination, njira yolekanitsa membrane, njira yosinthira ma ion, ndi zina zotero. Pakadali pano, njira yothira mankhwala ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pochiza. Kuchotsa mphamvu kwa njira yothira mankhwala ndikwabwino, ndipo sikuchepera kutentha, ndipo ntchitoyo ndi yosavuta. Dothi losungunuka lomwe lili ndi magnesium ammonium phosphate lingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati feteleza wophatikizana kuti agwiritse ntchito zinyalala, motero kuchepetsa mtengo wake; Ngati lingaphatikizidwe ndi mabizinesi ena opanga madzi otayira a phosphate ndi mabizinesi opanga mchere, limatha kusunga ndalama zamankhwala ndikuthandizira kugwiritsa ntchito kwakukulu.

Vuto la njira yothira mankhwala ndilakuti chifukwa cha kuchepetsa kusungunuka kwa ammonium magnesium phosphate, ammonia nayitrogeni m'madzi otayidwa ikafika pamlingo winawake, zotsatira zake sizikuonekera bwino ndipo mtengo wolowera umawonjezeka kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, njira yothira mankhwala iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi njira zina zoyenera kuchiritsira. Kuchuluka kwa reagent yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kwakukulu, matope omwe amapangidwa ndi ambiri, ndipo mtengo wochiritsira ndi wokwera. Kuyika ma chloride ions ndi phosphorous yotsalira panthawi yopereka mankhwala kungayambitse kuipitsidwa kwachiwiri.

Wopanga ndi Wogulitsa Aluminium Sulfate Wogulitsa | EVERBRIGHT (cnchemist.com)

Wopanga ndi Wogulitsa Dibasic Sodium Phosphate Wogulitsa | EVERBRIGHT (cnchemist.com)

②njira yochotsera

Kuchotsa ammonia nayitrogeni pogwiritsa ntchito njira yopukutira ndikusintha pH kukhala ya alkaline, kuti ayoni ya ammonia m'madzi otayidwa asinthidwe kukhala ammonia, kotero kuti imakhalapo makamaka mu mawonekedwe a ammonia yaulere, kenako ammonia yaulere imachotsedwa m'madzi otayidwa kudzera mu mpweya wonyamulira, kuti cholinga chochotsa ammonia nayitrogeni. Zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimakhudza magwiridwe antchito a kupukutira ndi pH, kutentha, chiŵerengero cha gasi ndi madzi, kuchuluka kwa mpweya, kuchuluka koyambirira ndi zina zotero. Pakadali pano, njira yopukutira imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochiza madzi otayidwa okhala ndi ammonia nayitrogeni yambiri.

Kuchotsa nayitrogeni ya ammonia kuchokera ku zinyalala pogwiritsa ntchito njira yochotsera zinyalala kunaphunziridwa. Zinapezeka kuti zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimalamulira kugwira ntchito bwino kwa zinyalala zinali kutentha, chiŵerengero cha gasi ndi madzi, ndi pH. Pamene kutentha kwa madzi kuli koposa 2590, chiŵerengero cha gasi ndi madzi chili pafupifupi 3500, ndipo pH ili pafupifupi 10.5, chiŵerengero chochotsera chikhoza kufika pa 90% pa zinyalala zomwe zimachotsedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni ya ammonia kufika pa 2000-4000mg/L. Zotsatira zake zikusonyeza kuti pamene pH = 11.5, kutentha kwa zinyalala kuli 80cC ndipo nthawi yochotsera ndi 120min, chiŵerengero cha ammonia nayitrogeni chochotsera m'madzi otayira chikhoza kufika pa 99.2%.

Kugwira ntchito bwino kwa madzi otayira ammonia nitrogen okhala ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kunachitidwa ndi nsanja yothira madzi yomwe imathira madzi. Zotsatira zake zinasonyeza kuti kugwira ntchito bwino kwa madzi otayira ammonia kunawonjezeka pamene pH ikukwera. Chiŵerengero cha gasi ndi madzi chikakula, mphamvu yoyendetsera madzi otayira ammonia imakulanso, ndipo kugwira ntchito bwino kwa madzi otayira kumawonjezekanso.

Kuchotsa ammonia nayitrogeni pogwiritsa ntchito njira yopukutira ndi kothandiza, kosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito komanso kosavuta kuwongolera. Ammonia nayitrogeni yopukutira ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati choyamwitsa ndi sulfuric acid, ndipo sulfuric acid yopangidwa ndi ndalama ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati feteleza. Njira yopukutira ndi ukadaulo womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochotsa nayitrogeni mwakuthupi komanso mwamankhwala pakadali pano. Komabe, njira yopukutira ili ndi zovuta zina, monga kukulitsa pafupipafupi mu nsanja yopukutira, kuchepetsa mphamvu yochotsa nayitrogeni ya ammonia pa kutentha kochepa, komanso kuipitsa kwachiwiri komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha mpweya wopukutira. Njira yopukutira nthawi zambiri imaphatikizidwa ndi njira zina zochizira madzi otayira a ammonia nayitrogeni kuti muchepetse madzi otayira a ammonia nayitrogeni okhala ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu.

③Kuthira chlorine m'malo osweka

Njira yochotsera ammonia pogwiritsa ntchito break point chlorination ndi yakuti mpweya wa chlorine umakumana ndi ammonia kuti upange mpweya wa nayitrogeni wosavulaza, ndipo N2 imatuluka mumlengalenga, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti gwero la reaction lipitirire kumanja. Fomula ya reaction ndi iyi:

HOCl NH4 + + 1.5 – > 0.5 N2 H20 H++ Cl – 1.5 + 2.5 + 1.5)

Mpweya wa chlorine ukasamutsidwa kupita m'madzi otayira kupita pamalo enaake, kuchuluka kwa chlorine m'madzi kumakhala kochepa, ndipo kuchuluka kwa ammonia kumakhala zero. Mpweya wa chlorine ukadutsa pamalowo, kuchuluka kwa chlorine m'madzi kumawonjezeka, motero, malowo amatchedwa break point, ndipo chlorination m'malo amenewa amatchedwa break point chlorination.

Njira yochotsera chlorination pogwiritsa ntchito njira yochotsera chlorination imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza madzi otayira omwe akubowola pambuyo poti ammonia nitrogen iphulike, ndipo zotsatira zake zimakhudzidwa mwachindunji ndi njira yochotsera ammonia nitrogen. Pamene 70% ya ammonia nitrogen m'madzi otayira imachotsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yochotsera chlorination kenako n’kuchiritsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yochotsera chlorination, kuchuluka kwa ammonia nitrogen m'madzi otayira kumakhala kochepera 15mg/L. Zhang Shengli ndi anzake adatenga madzi otayira ammonia nitrogen omwe ali ndi kuchuluka kwa 100mg/L ngati cholinga cha kafukufuku, ndipo zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zidawonetsa kuti zinthu zazikulu komanso zachiwiri zomwe zimakhudza kuchotsa ammonia nitrogen pogwiritsa ntchito okosijeni wa sodium hypochlorite zinali kuchuluka kwa chlorine ndi ammonia nitrogen, nthawi yochitira zinthu, ndi pH.

Njira yochotsera chlorination ya break point ili ndi mphamvu yochotsa nayitrogeni, kuchuluka kwa kuchotsa kumatha kufika 100%, ndipo kuchuluka kwa ammonia m'madzi otayidwa kumatha kuchepetsedwa kufika pa zero. Zotsatira zake zimakhala zokhazikika ndipo sizimakhudzidwa ndi kutentha; Zipangizo zochepa zogulira ndalama, yankho lachangu komanso lathunthu; Ili ndi mphamvu yoyeretsa ndi kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'madzi. Kuchuluka kwa njira yochotsera chlorination ya break point ndikuti kuchuluka kwa madzi otayidwa a ammonia nitrogen ndi kochepera 40mg/L, kotero njira yochotsera chlorination ya break point imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochiza madzi otayidwa a ammonia nitrogen. Kufunika kogwiritsa ntchito mosamala ndi kokwera, mtengo wochizira ndi wokwera, ndipo ma chloramine ndi organics a chlorinated organics zimayambitsa kuipitsa kwina.

④njira yochepetsera makutidwe ndi okosijeni

Njira yochepetsera kutentha ndi kudzera mu ntchito ya chothandizira, pansi pa kutentha ndi kupanikizika kwina, kudzera mu mpweya wozizira, zinthu zachilengedwe ndi ammonia zomwe zili m'madzi otayidwa zimatha kusungunuka ndikusungunuka kukhala zinthu zopanda vuto monga CO2, N2 ndi H2O, kuti zikwaniritse cholinga choyeretsa.

Zinthu zomwe zimakhudza zotsatira za catalytic oxidation ndi makhalidwe a catalyst, kutentha, nthawi yochitira zinthu, pH value, kuchuluka kwa ammonia nayitrogeni, kupanikizika, mphamvu yosonkhezera ndi zina zotero.

Njira yowononga ya ammonia nayitrogeni ya ozone idaphunziridwa. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti pH ikakwera, mtundu wa H2O wokhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu ya okosijeni unapangidwa, ndipo kuchuluka kwa okosijeni kunakulitsidwa kwambiri. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti ozone imatha kusakaniza ammonia nayitrogeni kukhala nitrite ndi nitrite kukhala nitrate. Kuchuluka kwa ammonia nayitrogeni m'madzi kumachepa pakapita nthawi, ndipo kuchuluka kwa ammonia nayitrogeni kumachepa pafupifupi 82%. CuO-Mn02-Ce02 idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chothandizira chophatikizana pochiza madzi otayira ammonia nayitrogeni. Zotsatira zake zikuwonetsa kuti ntchito ya okosijeni ya chothandizira chatsopano chokonzedwa chatsopano yakula kwambiri, ndipo mikhalidwe yoyenera ya njirayi ndi 255℃, 4.2MPa ndi pH = 10.8. Pochiza madzi otayira ammonia nayitrogeni ndi kuchuluka koyambirira kwa 1023mg/L, kuchuluka kwa ammonia nayitrogeni kumatha kufika 98% mkati mwa mphindi 150, kufikira muyezo wadziko lonse wachiwiri (50mg/L).

Kugwira ntchito kwa TiO2 photocatalyst yothandizidwa ndi zeolite kunafufuzidwa pofufuza kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka kwa ammonia nayitrogeni mu yankho la sulfuric acid. Zotsatira zake zikusonyeza kuti mlingo woyenera wa Ti02/ zeolite photocatalyst ndi 1.5g/L ndipo nthawi yochitapo kanthu ndi maola 4 pansi pa kuwala kwa ultraviolet. Kuchuluka kwa ammonia nayitrogeni yochotsedwa m'madzi otayira kumatha kufika 98.92%. Kuchotsa kwa iron ndi nano-chin dioxide yambiri pansi pa kuwala kwa ultraviolet pa phenol ndi ammonia nayitrogeni kunaphunziridwa. Zotsatira zake zikusonyeza kuti kuchuluka kwa ammonia nayitrogeni yochotsedwa ndi 97.5% pamene pH = 9.0 imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu yankho la ammonia nayitrogeni yokhala ndi kuchuluka kwa 50mg/L, komwe ndi 7.8% ndi 22.5% kuposa kwa iron kapena Chine dioxide yokha.

Njira yothira okosijeni ya Catalytic ili ndi ubwino woyeretsa bwino kwambiri, njira yosavuta, malo ang'onoang'ono pansi, ndi zina zotero, ndipo nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza madzi otayira a ammonia nitrogen okhala ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu. Vuto logwiritsa ntchito ndi momwe mungapewere kutayika kwa chothandizira ndi chitetezo cha dzimbiri cha zida.

⑤njira ya okosijeni yamagetsi

Njira ya electrochemical oxidation imatanthauza njira yochotsera zoipitsa m'madzi pogwiritsa ntchito electrooxidation yokhala ndi ntchito yothandiza. Zinthu zomwe zimakhudza ndi kuchuluka kwa magetsi, kuchuluka kwa madzi olowera, nthawi yotulukira ndi nthawi yothira madzi.

Kuchuluka kwa madzi otayidwa ndi ammonia-nayitrogeni m'maselo otayidwa ndi madzi ...

3. Njira yochotsera nayitrogeni m'thupi

① nitrification yonse ndi denitrification

Kuyeretsa ndi kuyeretsa ndi kuyeretsa ndi njira yachilengedwe yomwe yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali pakadali pano. Imasintha nayitrogeni ya ammonia m'madzi otayidwa kukhala nayitrogeni kudzera mu zochita zingapo monga kuyeretsa ndi kuyeretsa ndi kuyeretsa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana, kuti tikwaniritse cholinga choyeretsa madzi otayidwa. Njira yoyeretsa ndi kuyeretsa ndi kuyeretsa ndi kuchotsa nayitrogeni ya ammonia iyenera kudutsa magawo awiri:

Nitrification reaction: Nitrification reaction imatsirizidwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timapanga aerobic autotrophic. Mu aerobic state, inorganic nitrogen imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gwero la nayitrogeni kuti isinthe NH4+ kukhala NO2-, kenako imasinthidwa kukhala NO3-. Njira ya nitrification ingagawidwe m'magawo awiri. Mu gawo lachiwiri, nitrite imasinthidwa kukhala nitrate (NO3-) mwa mabakiteriya opatsa nitri, ndipo nitrite imasinthidwa kukhala nitrate (NO3-) mwa mabakiteriya opatsa nitrijeni.

Kuchepetsa mphamvu ya madzi: Kuchepetsa mphamvu ya madzi ndi njira yomwe mabakiteriya ochepetsa mphamvu ya madzi amachepetsa nayitrogeni ya nitrite ndi nayitrogeni ya nitrate kukhala nayitrogeni ya gasi (N2) mu mkhalidwe wa hypoxia. Mabakiteriya ochepetsa mphamvu ya madzi ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timakhala m'gulu la mabakiteriya a amphictic. Mu mkhalidwe wa hypoxia, amagwiritsa ntchito mpweya mu nitrate ngati cholandirira ma elekitironi ndi zinthu zachilengedwe (BOD component mu sewage) ngati chopereka ma elekitironi kuti apereke mphamvu ndikusungunuka ndikukhazikika.

Ntchito zonse zaukadaulo wa nitrification ndi denitrification zimaphatikizapo makamaka AO, A2O, oxidation ditch, ndi zina zotero, zomwe ndi njira yokhwima kwambiri yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mumakampani ochotsa nayitrogeni yachilengedwe.

Njira yonse ya nitrification ndi denitrification ili ndi ubwino wokhazikika, ntchito yosavuta, yopanda kuipitsa kwachiwiri komanso mtengo wotsika. Njirayi ilinso ndi zovuta zina, monga gwero la kaboni liyenera kuwonjezeredwa pamene chiŵerengero cha C/N m'madzi otayidwa chili chotsika, kutentha kofunikira kumakhala kokhwima, magwiridwe antchito ndi otsika kutentha kochepa, malowo ndi akulu, kufunikira kwa mpweya kumakhala kwakukulu, ndipo zinthu zina zovulaza monga ma ayoni achitsulo cholemera zimakhudza kwambiri tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, zomwe ziyenera kuchotsedwa njira yachilengedwe isanagwiritsidwe ntchito. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwa ammonia nayitrogeni m'madzi otayidwa kumakhudzanso njira yoletsa nitrification. Chifukwa chake, chithandizo chisanachitike chiyenera kuchitika madzi otayidwa ammonia nayitrogeni ambiri asanagwiritse ntchito kotero kuti kuchuluka kwa madzi otayidwa ammonia nayitrogeni kumakhala kochepera 500mg/L. Njira yachikhalidwe yachilengedwe ndi yoyenera kuchiza madzi otayidwa ammonia nayitrogeni ochepa okhala ndi zinthu zachilengedwe, monga zimbudzi zapakhomo, madzi otayidwa ndi mankhwala, ndi zina zotero.

②Kupereka nitrification ndi denitrification nthawi imodzi (SND)

Pamene nitrification ndi denitrification zikuchitika pamodzi mu reactor imodzi, imatchedwa simultaneous digestion denitrification (SND). Mpweya wosungunuka m'madzi otayidwa umachepetsedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa kufalikira kuti upange mpweya wosungunuka m'dera la microenvironment pa microbial floc kapena biofilm, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpweya wosungunuka pamwamba pa microbial floc kapena biofilm ukhale wothandiza kukula ndi kufalikira kwa mabakiteriya a aerobic nitrifying ndi mabakiteriya a ammoniating. Pamene floc kapena nembanemba ikuzama, kuchuluka kwa mpweya wosungunuka kumachepa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale malo owopsa komwe mabakiteriya osungunuka amalamulira. Potero amapanga njira yopumira ndi denitrification nthawi imodzi. Zinthu zomwe zimakhudza kugaya ndi denitrification nthawi imodzi ndi PH value, kutentha, alkalinity, organic carbon source, solved oxygen ndi sludge age.

Nitrification/denitrification yofanana inalipo mu ngalande ya Carrousel oxidation, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mpweya wosungunuka pakati pa impeller yopumira mu ngalande ya Carrousel oxidation kunachepa pang'onopang'ono, ndipo mpweya wosungunuka m'munsi mwa ngalande ya Carrousel oxidation unali wochepa kuposa womwe unali pamwamba. Kupangika ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nayitrogeni ya nitrate m'gawo lililonse la ngalande kuli pafupifupi kofanana, ndipo kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni ya ammonia mu ngalande nthawi zonse kumakhala kotsika kwambiri, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti nitrification ndi denitrification reactions zimachitika nthawi imodzi mu ngalande ya Carrousel oxidation.

Kafukufuku wokhudza kuchiza zinyalala zapakhomo akuwonetsa kuti CODCr ikakwera, kuyeretsa bwino kwa mpweya kumakhala kokwanira komanso kuchotsa bwino kwa TN. Mphamvu ya mpweya wosungunuka pa nitrification ndi denitrification nthawi imodzi imakhala yabwino kwambiri. Mpweya wosungunuka ukayendetsedwa pa 0.5 ~ 2mg/L, mphamvu yonse yochotsera nayitrogeni imakhala yabwino. Nthawi yomweyo, njira ya nitrification ndi denitrification imasunga reactor, imafupikitsa nthawi yochitira, imakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa, imasunga ndalama, ndipo imakhala yosavuta kusunga pH yokhazikika.

③Kugaya chakudya pang'ono komanso kuyeretsa madzi m'thupi

Mu reactor yomweyi, mabakiteriya ochulukitsa ammonia amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuonjezera ammonia kukhala nitrite pansi pa mikhalidwe ya aerobic, kenako nitrite imachotsedwa nitrite mwachindunji kuti ipange nayitrogeni yokhala ndi zinthu zachilengedwe kapena gwero lakunja la kaboni ngati wopereka ma electron pansi pa mikhalidwe ya hypoxia. Zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa nitrification yafupipafupi ndi denitrification ndi kutentha, ammonia yaulere, pH value ndi mpweya wosungunuka.

Zotsatira za kutentha pa nitrification yafupifupi ya zinyalala za m'matauni popanda madzi a m'nyanja ndi zinyalala za m'matauni ndi 30% ya madzi a m'nyanja. Zotsatira za mayeso zikusonyeza kuti: pa zinyalala za m'matauni popanda madzi a m'nyanja, kuwonjezera kutentha kumathandiza kuti nitrification yafupifupi ichitike. Pamene chiwerengero cha madzi a m'nyanja m'zinyalala za m'nyumba chili 30%, nitrification yafupifupi ikhoza kuchitika bwino pansi pa kutentha kwapakati. Delft University of Technology inapanga njira ya SHARON, kugwiritsa ntchito kutentha kwakukulu (pafupifupi 30-4090) kumathandiza kuti mabakiteriya a nitrite achuluke, kotero kuti mabakiteriya a nitrite ataya mpikisano, pomwe polamulira zaka za matope kuti achotse mabakiteriya a nitrite, kotero kuti nitrification reaction mu gawo la nitrite.

Kutengera kusiyana kwa mgwirizano wa okosijeni pakati pa mabakiteriya a nitrite ndi mabakiteriya a nitrite, Gent Microbial Ecology Laboratory idapanga njira ya OLAND kuti ikwaniritse kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni wa nitrite mwa kulamulira mpweya wosungunuka kuti uchotse mabakiteriya a nitrite.

Zotsatira za mayeso oyamba a kuchiza madzi otayira pogwiritsa ntchito nitrification yafupipafupi ndi denitrification zikusonyeza kuti pamene kuchuluka kwa COD, ammonia nitrogen, TN ndi phenol kuli 1201.6,510.4,540.1 ndi 110.4mg/L, kuchuluka kwa COD, ammonia nitrogen, TN ndi phenol kuli 197.1,14.2,181.5 ndi 0.4mg/L, motsatana. Kuchuluka kofanana kwa kuchotsa kunali 83.6%,97.2%, 66.4% ndi 99.6%, motsatana.

Njira yochepetsera nitrification ndi denitrification ya nthawi yochepa sidutsa mu gawo la nitrate, zomwe zimasunga gwero la kaboni lofunikira kuti nayitrogeni ichotsedwe. Ili ndi ubwino wina pamadzi otayira a ammonia nitrogen okhala ndi C/N yochepa. Nitrification ndi denitrification ya nthawi yochepa ili ndi ubwino wa matope ochepa, nthawi yochepa yochitira zinthu komanso kusunga voliyumu ya reactor. Komabe, nitrification ndi denitrification ya nthawi yochepa imafuna kusonkhanitsa kwa nitrite kokhazikika komanso kokhalitsa, kotero momwe mungaletsere bwino ntchito ya mabakiteriya ochepetsera nitrition ndiye chofunikira.

④ Kuchuluka kwa okosijeni wa ammonia

Kusungunuka kwa mpweya m'thupi (anaerobic ammoxidation) ndi njira yotulutsira madzi m'thupi kudzera mu mabakiteriya a autotrophic pamene ali ndi vuto la hypoxia, ndi nitrous nitrogen kapena nitrous nitrogen ngati cholandirira ma elekitironi.

Zotsatira za kutentha ndi PH pa ntchito ya zamoyo ya anammoX zinaphunziridwa. Zotsatira zake zinasonyeza kuti kutentha kwabwino kwambiri kwa reaction kunali 30℃ ndipo pH inali 7.8. Kuthekera kwa anaerobic ammoX reactor pochiza mchere wambiri komanso madzi otayira a nayitrogeni ambiri kunaphunziridwa. Zotsatira zake zinasonyeza kuti mchere wambiri unaletsa kwambiri ntchito ya anammoX, ndipo kuletsa kumeneku kunasinthidwa. Anaerobic ammox activity ya unazolowera sludge inali yotsika ndi 67.5% kuposa ya control sludge pansi pa salinity ya 30g.L-1(NaC1). AnammoX activity ya aclimated sludge inali yotsika ndi 45.1% kuposa ya control. Pamene aclimated sludge inasamutsidwa kuchoka ku malo okhala ndi mchere wambiri kupita ku malo okhala ndi mchere wambiri (opanda brine), anaerobic ammoX activity inawonjezeka ndi 43.1%. Komabe, ntchito ya reactor imatha kuchepa ngati ikuyenda ndi mchere wambiri kwa nthawi yayitali.

Poyerekeza ndi njira yachikhalidwe yachilengedwe, anaerobic ammoX ndi ukadaulo wotsika mtengo wochotsa nayitrogeni wachilengedwe wopanda gwero lina la kaboni, kufunikira kochepa kwa okosijeni, palibe chifukwa choti ma reagents athetse, komanso kupanga matope ochepa. Zoyipa za anaerobic ammox ndikuti liwiro la reaction ndi lochepa, kuchuluka kwa reactor ndi kwakukulu, ndipo gwero la kaboni silikugwirizana ndi anaerobic amMOX, zomwe zili ndi tanthauzo lothandiza pothetsa madzi otayira a ammonia nitrogen omwe alibe kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe.

4. njira yochotsera nayitrogeni yolekanitsidwa ndi kuyamwa

① njira yolekanitsa nembanemba

Njira yolekanitsira nembanemba ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira yosankha yololera ya nembanemba kuti mulekanitse zigawo zomwe zili mumadzimadzi, kuti mukwaniritse cholinga chochotsera nayitrogeni ya ammonia. Kuphatikiza reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, deammoniating nembanemba ndi electrodialysis. Zinthu zomwe zimakhudza kulekanitsa nembanemba ndi makhalidwe a nembanemba, kuthamanga kapena magetsi, pH value, kutentha ndi kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni ya ammonia.

Malinga ndi khalidwe la madzi a ammonia nitrogen omwe amatulutsidwa ndi chosungunula cha rare earth, kuyesa kwa reverse osmosis kunachitika ndi NH4C1 ndi madzi otayira ofanana ndi NaCI. Zinapezeka kuti pansi pa mikhalidwe yomweyi, reverse osmosis imakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa NaCI yochotsedwa, pomwe NHCl imakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi opangidwa. Kuchuluka kwa NH4C1 yochotsedwa ndi 77.3% pambuyo pa chithandizo cha reverse osmosis, chomwe chingagwiritsidwe ntchito pochiza madzi otayira ammonia nitrogen asanayambe. Ukadaulo wa reverse osmosis ukhoza kusunga mphamvu, kukhazikika bwino kwa kutentha, koma kukana chlorine, komanso kukana kuipitsidwa ndi koipa.

Njira yolekanitsira nembanemba ya biochemical nanofiltration inagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza leachate yotayira zinyalala, kotero kuti 85% ~ 90% ya madzi olowa m'madzi anatulutsidwa motsatira muyezo, ndipo 0% ~ 15% yokha ya madzi a zinyalala ndi matope omwe anali m'madzi ndi omwe anabwezedwa ku thanki ya zinyalala. Ozturki ndi anzake adachiza leachate yotayira zinyalala ya Odayeri ku Turkey ndi nembanemba ya nanofiltration, ndipo kuchuluka kwa ammonia nitrogen komwe kunachotsedwa kunali pafupifupi 72%. Nembanemba ya nanofiltration imafuna mphamvu yochepa kuposa nembanemba ya reverse osmosis, yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito.

Dongosolo lochotsa nembanemba la ammonia nthawi zambiri limagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza madzi otayira pogwiritsa ntchito nayitrogeni wambiri wa ammonia. Nayitrogeni wa ammonia m'madzi ali ndi mulingo wotsatira: NH4- +OH-= NH3+H2O ikugwira ntchito, madzi otayira okhala ndi ammonia amayenderera mu chipolopolo cha membrane module, ndipo madzi omwa asidi amayenderera mu chitoliro cha membrane module. Pamene PH ya madzi otayira ikukwera kapena kutentha kukukwera, mulingowo udzasunthira kumanja, ndipo ammonium ion NH4- imakhala NH3 yopanda mpweya. Panthawiyi, NH3 ya gasi imatha kulowa mu gawo lamadzi omwa asidi mu chitoliro kuchokera mu gawo la madzi otayira mu chipolopolo kudzera m'ma micropores pamwamba pa ulusi wopanda kanthu, womwe umayamwa ndi yankho la asidi ndipo nthawi yomweyo umakhala NH4- ya ionic. Sungani PH ya madzi otayira pamwamba pa 10, ndi kutentha pamwamba pa 35 ° C (pansi pa 50 ° C), kuti NH4 mu gawo la madzi otayira ikhale NH3 nthawi zonse kupita ku kusuntha kwa madzi omwa. Zotsatira zake, kuchuluka kwa ammonia nayitrogeni m'madzi otayira kunachepa mosalekeza. Gawo lamadzimadzi loyamwa asidi, chifukwa pali asidi ndi NH4- yokha, limapanga mchere woyera kwambiri wa ammonium, ndipo limafika pamlingo winawake pambuyo poyenda mosalekeza, womwe ukhoza kubwezeretsedwanso. Kumbali imodzi, kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo uwu kungathandize kwambiri kuchotsa ammonia nayitrogeni m'madzi otayira, ndipo kumbali ina, kungachepetse ndalama zonse zogwirira ntchito za makina oyeretsera madzi otayira.

②njira ya electrodialysis

Electrodialysis ndi njira yochotsera zinthu zolimba zomwe zasungunuka m'madzi amadzi pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamagetsi pakati pa ma nembanemba awiri. Pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamagetsi, ma ayoni a ammonia ndi ma ayoni ena m'madzi otayira a ammonia-nayitrogeni amawonjezeredwa kudzera mu nembanemba m'madzi okhuthala okhala ndi ammonia, kuti akwaniritse cholinga chochotsa.

Njira yogwiritsira ntchito electrodialysis idagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza madzi otayira osapangidwa ndi nayitrogeni wambiri wa ammonia ndipo idapeza zotsatira zabwino. Pa madzi otayira a ammonia nitrogen a 2000-3000mg /L, kuchuluka kwa ammonia nitrogen kumatha kupitirira 85%, ndipo madzi okhuthala a ammonia amatha kupezeka ndi 8.9%. Kuchuluka kwa magetsi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi yogwiritsira ntchito electrodialysis kumafanana ndi kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni wa ammonia m'madzi otayira. Kuchiza madzi otayira pogwiritsa ntchito electrodialysis sikungodalira pH, kutentha ndi kupanikizika, ndipo ndikosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito.

Ubwino wolekanitsa nembanemba ndi kubwezeretsa kwambiri nayitrogeni ya ammonia, kugwiritsa ntchito mosavuta, kuchiza bwino komanso kusawononga chilengedwe. Komabe, pochiza madzi otayira ammonia nitrogen okhala ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi, kupatula nembanemba yopanda ammonia, nembanemba zina zimakhala zosavuta kuzikulitsa ndi kuzitseka, ndipo kukonzanso ndi kutsuka m'mbuyo kumachitika pafupipafupi, zomwe zimawonjezera mtengo wochizira. Chifukwa chake, njira iyi ndi yoyenera kwambiri pochiza madzi otayira ammonia nitrogen asanayambe kapena madzi otayira ammonia nitrogen okhala ndi kuchuluka kochepa.

③ Njira yosinthira ma ion

Njira yosinthira ma ion ndi njira yochotsera ammonia nayitrogeni m'madzi otayira pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zimasankhidwa bwino ndi ma ayoni a ammonia. Zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri posakaniza ndi kaboni woyatsidwa, zeolite, montmorillonite ndi utomoni wosinthana. Zeolite ndi mtundu wa silico-aluminate wokhala ndi kapangidwe ka malo atatu, kapangidwe ka ma pore okhazikika ndi mabowo, pakati pawo clinoptilote ili ndi mphamvu yosankha bwino yosakaniza ma ayoni a ammonia komanso mtengo wotsika, motero imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati chinthu chosakaniza madzi otayira ammonia nayitrogeni mu uinjiniya. Zinthu zomwe zimakhudza zotsatira za clinoptilote ndi monga kukula kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, kuchuluka kwa ammonia nayitrogeni, nthawi yolumikizirana, pH ndi zina zotero.

Zotsatira za kulowetsedwa kwa zeolite pa ammonia nayitrogeni ndizodziwikiratu, kutsatiridwa ndi ranite, ndipo zotsatira za nthaka ndi ceramisite sizothandiza. Njira yayikulu yochotsera ammonia nayitrogeni ku zeolite ndi kusinthana kwa ayoni, ndipo zotsatira za kulowetsedwa kwa ayoni ndizochepa kwambiri. Zotsatira za kusinthidwa kwa ayoni za ceramite, nthaka ndi ranite ndizofanana ndi zotsatira za kulowetsedwa kwa ayoni. Mphamvu ya kulowetsedwa kwa zodzaza zinayi idachepa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha pakati pa 15-35℃, ndipo idakwera ndi kuwonjezeka kwa pH pakati pa 3-9. Kugwirizana kwa kulowetsedwa kunafikiridwa pambuyo pa oscillation ya maola 6.

Kuthekera kochotsa ammonia nayitrogeni kuchokera ku zinyalala pogwiritsa ntchito zeolite adsorption kunaphunziridwa. Zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zikusonyeza kuti gramu iliyonse ya zeolite ili ndi mphamvu yochepa yothira ammonia nayitrogeni ya 15.5mg, pamene kukula kwa tinthu ta zeolite kuli 30-16 mesh, kuchuluka kwa ammonia nayitrogeni kumafika pa 78.5%, ndipo pansi pa nthawi yomweyo yothira, mlingo ndi kukula kwa tinthu ta zeolite, kuchuluka kwa ammonia nayitrogeni komwe kumakhudza kwambiri, kuchuluka kwa madzi kumakwera, ndipo ndizotheka kuti zeolite ngati adsorbent ichotse ammonia nayitrogeni kuchokera ku leachate. Nthawi yomweyo, zanenedwa kuti kuchuluka kwa madzi a ammonia nayitrogeni ndi zeolite n'kochepa, ndipo n'zovuta kuti zeolite ifike pa mphamvu yothira madzi ambiri pogwiritsa ntchito njira yogwira ntchito.

Zotsatira za kuchotsa kwa zeolite bed pa nayitrogeni, COD ndi zinthu zina zoipitsa m'madzi otayira m'midzi zinaphunziridwa. Zotsatira zake zikusonyeza kuti kuchuluka kwa ammonia nayitrogeni komwe kumachotsedwa ndi zeolite bed ndi kopitilira 95%, ndipo kuchotsa nitrate nayitrogeni kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi nthawi yokhazikika ya hydraulic.

Njira yosinthira ma ion ili ndi ubwino wokhala ndi ndalama zochepa, njira yosavuta, ntchito yosavuta, kusamva poizoni ndi kutentha, komanso kugwiritsanso ntchito zeolite mwa kukonzanso. Komabe, pochiza madzi otayira ammonia nitrogen okhala ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu, kukonzanso kumachitika pafupipafupi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchitoyi ikhale yovuta, kotero iyenera kuphatikizidwa ndi njira zina zochizira ammonia nitrogen, kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza madzi otayira ammonia nitrogen okhala ndi kuchuluka kochepa.

Wopanga ndi Wogulitsa wa Zeolite wa 4A Wogulitsa | EVERBRIGHT (cnchemist.com)