Dioxane？ Ndi nkhani ya tsankho chabe

Kodi dioksani n'chiyani? Kodi inachokera kuti?

Dioxane, njira yolondola yolembera ndi dioxane. Chifukwa choipa ndi chovuta kwambiri kulemba, m'nkhaniyi tigwiritsa ntchito mawu oipa wamba m'malo mwake. Ndi chinthu chachilengedwe, chomwe chimadziwikanso kuti dioxane, 1, 4-dioxane, madzi opanda mtundu. Kuopsa kwa Dioxane ndi poizoni wochepa, kumakhala ndi zotsatira zoletsa ululu komanso zolimbikitsa. Malinga ndi Malamulo a Zaukhondo a Zaukhondo ku China, dioxane ndi gawo loletsedwa la zodzoladzola. Popeza ndizoletsedwa kuwonjezera, nchifukwa chiyani zodzoladzola zimapezabe dioxane? Pazifukwa zomwe sizingatheke, ndizotheka kuti dioxane ilowetsedwe mu zodzoladzola ngati chodetsa. Ndiye kodi zodetsa zomwe zili muzinthu zopangira ndi ziti?

Chimodzi mwa zosakaniza zoyeretsera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu shampoos ndi kutsuka thupi ndi sodium fatty alcohol ether sulfate, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti sodium AES kapena SLES. Gawoli lingapangidwe kuchokera ku mafuta achilengedwe a kanjedza kapena mafuta ngati zinthu zopangira mafuta kukhala mafuta ochulukirapo, koma limapangidwa kudzera munjira zingapo monga ethoxylation, sulfonation, ndi neutralization. Gawo lofunika kwambiri ndi ethoxylation, mu gawo ili la njira yochitira, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopangira ethylene oxide, zomwe ndi monomer yazinthu zopangira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mumakampani opanga mankhwala, mu njira ya ethoxylation reaction, kuwonjezera pa kuwonjezera ethylene oxide ku mafuta ochulukirapo kuti apange ethoxylated fatty alcohol. Palinso gawo laling'ono la ethylene oxide (EO) mamolekyu awiri awiri oundana kuti apange chopangidwa kuchokera ku chinthu china, ndiko kuti, mdani wa dioxane, zomwe zimachitika zitha kuwonetsedwa pachithunzi chotsatirachi:

Kawirikawiri, opanga zinthu zopangira adzakhala ndi njira zina zosiyanitsira ndikuyeretsa dioxane, opanga zinthu zopangira zosiyanasiyana adzakhala ndi miyezo yosiyanasiyana, opanga zodzoladzola ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana adzayang'aniranso chizindikirochi, nthawi zambiri pafupifupi 20 mpaka 40ppm. Ponena za mulingo wa zomwe zili mu chinthu chomalizidwa (monga shampu, kutsuka thupi), palibe zizindikiro zenizeni zapadziko lonse lapansi. Pambuyo pa ngozi ya shampu ya Bawang mu 2011, China idakhazikitsa muyezo wa zinthu zomalizidwa pa zosakwana 30ppm.

Dioxane imayambitsa khansa, kodi imayambitsa nkhawa zokhudzana ndi chitetezo?

Monga chinthu chopangira chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, sodium sulfate (SLES) ndi dioxane yake yopangidwa kuchokera pamenepo yaphunziridwa kwambiri. Bungwe la United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) lakhala likufufuza dioxane muzinthu zogulira kwa zaka 30, ndipo Health Canada yatsimikiza kuti kupezeka kwa dioxane pang'ono muzinthu zodzikongoletsera sikuika pachiwopsezo thanzi la ogula, ngakhale ana (Canada). Malinga ndi Australian National Occupational Health and Safety Commission, malire oyenera a dioxane muzinthu zogulira ndi 30ppm, ndipo malire apamwamba a poizoni ndi 100ppm. Ku China, pambuyo pa 2012, malire a 30ppm pa kuchuluka kwa dioxane muzodzola ndi ochepa kwambiri kuposa malire apamwamba ovomerezeka a poizoni a 100ppm pansi pa mikhalidwe yogwiritsidwa ntchito mwachizolowezi.

Kumbali inayi, ziyenera kutsindika kuti malire a dioxane ku China mu miyezo yokongoletsa ndi ochepera 30ppm, zomwe ndi muyezo wapamwamba padziko lonse lapansi. Chifukwa kwenikweni, mayiko ndi madera ambiri ali ndi malire apamwamba pa kuchuluka kwa dioxane kuposa muyezo wathu kapena alibe miyezo yomveka bwino:

Ndipotu, kuchuluka kwa dioxane komwe kumapezeka m'madzi nakonso n'kofala. Bungwe la US Toxic Substances and Disease Registry limalemba kuti dioxane imapezeka mu nkhuku, tomato, nkhanu komanso m'madzi athu akumwa. Malangizo a World Health Organization for Drinking Water Quality (kope lachitatu) amanena kuti malire a dioxane m'madzi ndi 50 μg/L.

Kotero kufotokoza mwachidule vuto la carcinogen la dioxane mu chiganizo chimodzi, ndiko kuti: mosasamala kanthu za mlingo wotani, kulankhula za kuvulaza ndi chigololo.

Kaya dioxane ili ndi zinthu zochepa, ubwino wake umakhala wabwino, sichoncho?

Dioxane si chizindikiro chokha cha ubwino wa SLES. Zizindikiro zina monga kuchuluka kwa mankhwala osapangidwa ndi sulfure ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zoyambitsa kuyabwa zomwe zili mu mankhwalawa ndizofunikiranso kuziganizira.

Kuphatikiza apo, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti SLES imabweranso m'makulidwe osiyanasiyana, kusiyana kwakukulu ndi kuchuluka kwa ethoxylation, ena ndi 1 EO, ena ndi 2, 3 kapena 4 EO (zachidziwikire, zinthu zomwe zili ndi malo owerengera monga 1.3 ndi 2.6 zimatha kupangidwanso). Mlingo wokwera wa ethoxidation, ndiko kuti, kuchuluka kwa EO, kuchuluka kwa dioxane komwe kumapangidwa pansi pa njira yomweyo komanso mikhalidwe yoyeretsera.

Komabe, chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, chifukwa chowonjezera EO ndi kuchepetsa kukwiya kwa SLES ya surfactant, ndipo kuchuluka kwa EO SLES kukakhala kwakukulu, khungu silimakwiya kwambiri, kutanthauza kuti silimakwiya kwambiri, komanso mosemphanitsa. Popanda EO, ndi SLS, yomwe sizikondedwa ndi zinthu zomwe zili mkati mwake, zomwe ndi chinthu cholimbikitsa kwambiri.

Chifukwa chake, kuchepa kwa dioxane sikutanthauza kuti ndi chinthu chabwino chopangira. Chifukwa ngati kuchuluka kwa EO kuli kochepa, kuyabwa kwa chinthucho kudzakhala kwakukulu.

Powombetsa mkota:

Dioxane si chinthu chowonjezera chomwe makampani amawonjezera, koma ndi chinthu chopangira chomwe chiyenera kukhala mu zinthu zopangira monga SLES, zomwe zimakhala zovuta kupewa. Sikuti mu SLES zokha, koma bola ngati ethoxylation ikuchitika, padzakhala kuchuluka kwa dioxane, ndipo zinthu zina zosamalira khungu zimakhalanso ndi dioxane. Kuchokera pakuwona zoopsa, ngati chinthu chotsalira, palibe chifukwa chotsata zomwe zili mu 0, kutenga ukadaulo wamakono wozindikira, "osapezeka" sizitanthauza kuti zomwe zili mu 0.

Choncho, kulankhula za kuvulaza kupitirira mlingo woyenera ndikukhala gangster. Chitetezo cha dioxane chaphunziridwa kwa zaka zambiri, ndipo chitetezo choyenera ndi miyezo yoyenera yakhazikitsidwa, ndipo zotsalira zosakwana 100ppm zimaonedwa kuti ndi zotetezeka. Koma mayiko monga European Union sanapange izi kukhala muyezo wofunikira. Zofunikira zapakhomo kuti dioxane ikhale muzinthu zake ndi zosakwana 30ppm.

Chifukwa chake, dioxane yomwe ili mu shampu siyenera kuda nkhawa ndi khansa. Ponena za mfundo zabodza zomwe zili m'manyuzipepala, tsopano mwamvetsa kuti cholinga chake ndi kungokopa chidwi cha anthu.