Kapangidwe ka thupi ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka calcium chloride
Calcium chloride ndi mchere wopangidwa ndi ma ayoni a chloride ndi ma ayoni a calcium. Calcium chloride yopanda madzi imayamwa chinyezi kwambiri, imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati desiccant pazinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuwonjezera pa fumbi la pamsewu, chowongolera nthaka, choziziritsira, choyeretsera madzi, ndi chopangira phala. Ndi chogwiritsiridwa ntchito kwambiri cha mankhwala, zipangizo zopangira mankhwala, zowonjezera chakudya, zowonjezera chakudya ndi zopangira popanga calcium yachitsulo.
Katundu wa calcium chloride
Calcium chloride ndi kristalo yopanda mtundu, yoyera kapena yoyera pang'ono, yopyapyala, yopangidwa ndi uchi, yozungulira, yopyapyala, yosalala, yosalala, yophikidwa ndi ufa. Malo osungunuka 782°C, kuchuluka kwa 1.086 g/mL pa 20°C, malo otentha 1600°C, kusungunuka kwa madzi 740 g/L. Yoopsa pang'ono, yopanda fungo, kukoma kowawa pang'ono. Yosalala kwambiri komanso yosavuta kusungunuka ikayikidwa mumlengalenga.
Yosungunuka mosavuta m'madzi, pomwe imatulutsa kutentha kwakukulu (calcium chloride dissolving enthalpy ya -176.2cal/g), yankho lake lamadzi ndi acidic pang'ono. Yosungunuka mu mowa, acetone, acetic acid. Pogwirizana ndi ammonia kapena ethanol, ma complexes a CaCl2·8NH3 ndi CaCl2·4C2H5OH adapangidwa motsatana. Pa kutentha kochepa, yankho limakhala lolimba ndikugwa ngati hexahydrate, yomwe imasungunuka pang'onopang'ono m'madzi ake a crystalline ikatenthedwa kufika 30 ° C, ndipo pang'onopang'ono imataya madzi ikatenthedwa kufika 200 ° C, ndipo imakhala dihydrate ikatenthedwa kufika 260 ° C, yomwe imakhala calcium chloride yoyera yokhala ndi porous anhydrous.
Kalisiyamu kolorayidi yopanda madzi
1, makhalidwe a thupi ndi mankhwala: kristalo wopanda mtundu, chotchinga choyera kapena choyera chopanda povu kapena cholimba cha granular. Kuchulukana kwa madzi ndi 2.15, malo osungunuka ndi 782℃, malo owira ndi opitirira 1600℃, kuyera ndi kwamphamvu kwambiri, kosavuta kusungunuka, kosavuta kusungunuka m'madzi, pomwe kumatulutsa kutentha kwambiri, kopanda fungo, kukoma kowawa pang'ono, yankho lamadzi ndi lochepa acidic, losungunuka mu mowa, viniga wa acrylic, acetic acid.
2, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala: Ndi chinthu choyambitsa kupanga utoto wa nyanja. Kupanga nayitrogeni, mpweya wa acetylene, hydrogen chloride, mpweya ndi zina zotsukira mpweya. Ma alcohols, ethers, esters ndi ma acrylic resins amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zochotsera madzi m'thupi, ndipo madzi awo ndi ofunikira kwambiri mufiriji ndi mufiriji. Chimatha kufulumizitsa kuuma kwa konkriti, kuwonjezera kukana kuzizira kwa simenti, komanso ndi chinthu chabwino kwambiri choletsa kuzizira. Chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati choteteza zitsulo za aluminiyamu ndi magnesium, komanso choyeretsera.
Kashiamu chloride wothira
1, katundu wa thupi ndi mankhwala: kristalo wopanda mtundu, mankhwalawa ndi oyera, kristalo woyera pang'ono. Kukoma kowawa, kukoma kokoma.
Kuchuluka kwake ndi 0.835, kumasungunuka mosavuta m'madzi, madzi ake ndi osalowerera kapena amchere pang'ono, amawononga, amasungunuka mu mowa ndipo samasungunuka mu ether, ndipo amasungunuka kukhala chinthu chopanda madzi akatenthedwa kufika pa 260℃. Makhalidwe ena a mankhwala ndi ofanana ndi calcium chloride yopanda madzi.
2, ntchito ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito: calcium chloride yophwanyika yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chosungiramo firiji; Choletsa kuzizira; Ayezi wosungunuka kapena chipale chofewa; Zoletsa malawi pomaliza ndi kutsiriza nsalu za thonje; Zosungira zamatabwa; Kupanga rabara ngati chopinda; Wowuma wosakaniza umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chomatira.
Madzi a Calcium chloride
Njira yothetsera calcium chloride ili ndi mphamvu yoyendetsera mpweya, kuzizira pang'ono kuposa madzi, kutentha kumachepa ikakhudzana ndi madzi, ndipo imakhala ndi ntchito yabwino yothira madzi, ndipo kuzizira kwake kochepa kungagwiritsidwe ntchito m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana komanso m'malo opezeka anthu ambiri.
Udindo wa yankho la calcium chloride:
1. Alkaline: Kuphatikizika kwa ayoni ya calcium ndi alkaline, ndipo hydrogen chloride imakhala yosasinthasintha pambuyo pa hydrolysis ya ayoni ya chloride.
2, kuyendetsa: pali ma ayoni mu yankho omwe amatha kuyenda momasuka.
3, malo oundana: malo oundana a calcium chloride ndi otsika kuposa madzi.
4, kuwira: madzi a calcium chloride ndi otsika kuposa madzi.
5, kusungunuka kwa kristalo: njira yamadzi ya calcium chloride kusungunuka kwa kristalo kukhala mumlengalenga wodzaza ndi hydrogen chloride.
Chotsukira mano
Calcium chloride ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati desiccant kapena chotsukira madzi cha mpweya ndi zakumwa zachilengedwe. Komabe, singagwiritsidwe ntchito kuumitsa ethanol ndi ammonia, chifukwa ethanol ndi ammonia zimagwirizana ndi calcium chloride kupanga alcohol complex CaCl2·4C2H5OH ndi ammonia complex CaCl2·8NH3, motsatana. Anhydrous calcium chloride ingapangidwenso kukhala zinthu zapakhomo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati air hygroscopic agent, anhydrous calcium chloride ngati chotsukira madzi chavomerezedwa ndi FDA kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito pochiza matenda oyamba, ntchito yake ndikuwonetsetsa kuti bala limauma.
Popeza calcium chloride ndi yopanda mbali, imatha kuumitsa mpweya wa acidic kapena alkaline ndi zakumwa zachilengedwe, komanso mu labotale kuti ipange mpweya wochepa monga nayitrogeni, mpweya, haidrojeni, haidrojeni chloride, sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ndi zina zotero, ikaumitsa mpweya wopangidwawu. Calcium chloride wopangidwa ndi granular anhydrous nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati desiccant yodzaza mapaipi owumitsa, ndipo algae yayikulu (kapena phulusa la nyanja) louma ndi calcium chloride lingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga soda ash. Zipangizo zina zochotsera chinyezi m'nyumba zimagwiritsa ntchito calcium chloride kuti zinyamule chinyezi kuchokera mumlengalenga.
Kalisiyamu ya anhydrous calcium chloride imafalikira pamwamba pa msewu wamchenga, ndipo mphamvu ya hygroscopic ya calcium chloride ya anhydrous imagwiritsidwa ntchito kusungunula chinyezi mumlengalenga pamene chinyezi cha mpweya chili chotsika kuposa mame kuti pamwamba pa msewu pakhale chinyezi, kuti fumbi liziyenda bwino pamsewu.
Chotsukira madzi ndi bafa loziziritsira
Calcium chloride imatha kuchepetsa madzi oundana, ndipo kufalikira m'misewu kungalepheretse kuzizira ndi kuwononga chipale chofewa, koma madzi amchere ochokera ku chipale chofewa ndi ayezi osungunuka amatha kuwononga nthaka ndi zomera zomwe zili m'mphepete mwa msewu ndikuwononga konkire ya panjira. Njira yothetsera calcium chloride imathanso kusakanizidwa ndi ayezi wouma kuti akonze malo osambira ozizira. Madzi ouma ouma amawonjezeredwa ku madzi amchere m'magulu mpaka ayezi atawonekera mu dongosolo. Kutentha kokhazikika kwa madzi ozizira kumatha kusungidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi amchere. Kalisiyamu chloride nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zopangira mchere, ndipo kutentha kokhazikika komwe kumafunika kumapezeka posintha kuchuluka kwa madzi, osati chifukwa chakuti calcium chloride ndi yotsika mtengo komanso yosavuta kupeza, komanso chifukwa kutentha kwa madzi a calcium chloride (ndiko kuti, kutentha komwe madziwo amasungunuka kuti apange tinthu ta mchere wa ayezi) kumakhala kotsika kwambiri, komwe kumatha kufika -51.0 ° C, kotero kuti kutentha komwe kungasinthidwe ndi kuyambira 0 ° C mpaka -51 ° C. Njirayi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito m'mabotolo a Dewar okhala ndi mphamvu yoteteza kutentha, ndipo ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito m'mabotolo apulasitiki wamba kuti azisungira madzi ozizira pamene kuchuluka kwa mabotolo a Dewar kuli kochepa ndipo njira zambiri zamchere ziyenera kukonzedwa, motero kutentha kumakhala kokhazikika.
Monga gwero la ayoni a calcium
Kuonjezera calcium chloride m'madzi a dziwe losambira kungapangitse madzi a dziwe kukhala osungira pH ndikuwonjezera kuuma kwa madzi a dziwe, zomwe zimachepetsa kuwonongeka kwa khoma la konkire. Malinga ndi mfundo ya Le Chatelier komanso zotsatira za isoionic, kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa ma calcium ions m'madzi a dziwe kumachepetsa kusungunuka kwa mankhwala a calcium omwe ndi ofunikira pa zomangamanga za konkire.
Kuonjezera calcium chloride m'madzi a m'madzi a m'nyanja kumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa calcium yomwe imapezeka m'madzi, ndipo nkhono ndi nyama za m'madzi zomwe zimaleredwa m'madzi a m'nyanja zimagwiritsa ntchito izi kupanga zipolopolo za calcium carbonate. Ngakhale kuti calcium hydroxide kapena calcium reactor ingakwaniritse cholinga chomwecho, kuwonjezera calcium chloride ndiyo njira yachangu kwambiri ndipo sikukhudza kwambiri pH ya madzi.
Calcium chloride yogwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zina
Kapangidwe ka calcium chloride komwe kamasungunuka komanso kotentha kwambiri kamachititsa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito m'mabotolo odzitenthetsera okha komanso m'ma heating pads.
Calcium chloride ingathandize kufulumizitsa kuyika konkire koyamba, koma ma ayoni a chloride angayambitse dzimbiri pa zitsulo, kotero calcium chloride singagwiritsidwe ntchito mu konkire yolimbikitsidwa. Anhydrous calcium chloride ingapereke chinyezi pa konkire chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake a hygroscopic.
Mu mafakitale a mafuta, calcium chloride imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa madzi amchere opanda madzi, ndipo imatha kuwonjezeredwa ku gawo lamadzi la madzi obowola omwe amapangidwa kuti aletse kukula kwa dongo. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yochepetsera kusungunuka kwa madzi panthawi yopanga sodium metal pochotsa sodium chloride pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya Davy. Zikapangidwa ndi ceramics, calcium chloride imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chimodzi mwa zigawo za zinthu, zomwe zimalola kuti tinthu ta dongo tiyimitsidwe mu yankho, kuti tinthu ta dongo tizikhala zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito posakaniza.
Calcium chloride ndi chinthu chowonjezera mu mapulasitiki ndi zozimitsira moto, monga fyuluta yothandizira pokonza madzi otayira, monga chowonjezera mu uvuni wophulika kuti muwongolere kusonkhana ndi kumamatira kwa zipangizo zopangira kuti zipewe kutayika kwa mphamvu, komanso ngati chosungunula mu zofewetsa nsalu.