Thovu likamatuluka bwino, mphamvu yochotsera poizoni imakulanso bwino?

Kodi tikudziwa zambiri za zinthu zotsukira thovu zomwe timagwiritsa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku? Kodi tinayamba tadzifunsapo kuti: kodi thovu ndi lofunika bwanji pa zinthu zotsukira?

N’chifukwa chiyani nthawi zambiri timasankha zinthu zofewa?

 

 
 
Kupyolera mu kuyerekeza ndi kusanja, posachedwa titha kusanthula choyambitsa pamwamba chomwe chili ndi luso labwino lotulutsa thovu, komanso kupeza lamulo lotulutsa thovu la choyambitsa pamwamba: (ps: Chifukwa chakuti zinthu zomwezo ndi zochokera kwa opanga osiyanasiyana, momwe thovu limagwirira ntchito ndi zosiyana, apa gwiritsani ntchito zilembo zazikulu zosiyanasiyana kuyimira zinthu zosiyanasiyana zopangira.opanga)

Pakati pa ma surfactants, sodium lauryl glutamate ili ndi mphamvu yayikulu yotulutsa thovu, ndipo disodium lauryl sulfosuccinate ili ndi mphamvu yofooka yotulutsa thovu.

② Mankhwala ambiri opangidwa ndi sulfate surfactants, amphoteric surfactants ndi non-ionic surfactants ali ndi mphamvu yolimba yokhazikika ya thovu, pomwe amino acid surfactants nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mphamvu yofooka yokhazikika ya thovu. Ngati mukufuna kupanga zinthu zopangidwa ndi amino acid surfactants, mutha kuganizira kugwiritsa ntchito amphoteric kapena non-ionic surfactants omwe ali ndi mphamvu yolimba yotulutsa thovu komanso yokhazikika ya thovu.

Chithunzi cha mphamvu yotulutsa thovu ndi mphamvu yokhazikika yotulutsa thovu ya chinthu chomwecho:

 
Kodi surfactant ndi chiyani?

Chopopera madzi ndi chinthu chomwe chili ndi gulu limodzi lofunika kwambiri la affinity pamwamba mu molekyulu yake (kuti madzi asungunuke nthawi zambiri) ndi gulu losagonana lomwe silili ndi affinity yambiri. Ma surfactants omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi ma ionic surfactants (kuphatikizapo ma cationic surfactants ndi ma anionic surfactants), ma non-ionic surfactants, ndi ma amphoteric surfactants.
Choyambitsa pamwamba ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa sopo wothira thovu. Momwe mungasankhire choyambitsa pamwamba chomwe chili ndi magwiridwe antchito abwino chimayesedwa kuchokera ku magawo awiri a magwiridwe antchito a thovu ndi mphamvu yochotsera mafuta. Pakati pawo, kuyeza magwiridwe antchito a thovu kumaphatikizapo zizindikiro ziwiri: magwiridwe antchito a thovu ndi magwiridwe antchito olimba a thovu.

Kuyeza kwa katundu wa thovu

Kodi timasamala chiyani ndi thovu?

Ndi chabe, kodi imaphukira mofulumira? Kodi pali thovu lambiri? Kodi thovulo lidzakhalapobe?
Mafunso awa tidzapeza mayankho pofufuza ndi kufufuza zinthu zopangira.
Njira yayikulu yoyesera yathu ndikugwiritsa ntchito zida zomwe zilipo, malinga ndi njira yoyesera yapadziko lonse - njira ya Ross-Miles (njira yodziwira thovu la Roche) kuti tiphunzire, kudziwa ndikuwunika mphamvu ya thovu ndi kukhazikika kwa thovu la ma surfactants 31 omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu labotale.
Anthu oyesedwa: Ma surfactants 31 omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'ma laboratories
Zinthu zoyesera: mphamvu yotulutsa thovu ndi mphamvu yokhazikika yotulutsa thovu ya surfactant yosiyana
Njira yoyesera: Roth thovu tester; Njira yosinthira yowongolera (njira yofanana yoyezera, kutentha kosasintha);
Kusiyanitsa mitundu
Kukonza deta: lembani kutalika kwa thovu mu nthawi zosiyanasiyana;
Kutalika kwa thovu kumayambiriro kwa mphindi 0 ndi mphamvu ya thovu patebulo, kutalika kwake kukakhala kwakukulu, mphamvu ya thovu imakhala yolimba; Kukhazikika kwa kukhazikika kwa thovu kunawonetsedwa mu mawonekedwe a machati a kutalika kwa thovu kwa mphindi 5, mphindi 10, mphindi 30, mphindi 45 ndi mphindi 60. Nthawi yayitali yosamalira thovu, kukhazikika kwa thovu kumakhala kolimba.
Pambuyo poyesa ndi kujambula, deta yake ikuwonetsedwa motere:
 

 
Kupyolera mu kuyerekeza ndi kusanja, posachedwa titha kusanthula choyambitsa pamwamba chomwe chili ndi luso labwino lotulutsa thovu, komanso kupeza lamulo lotulutsa thovu la choyambitsa pamwamba: (ps: Chifukwa chakuti zinthu zomwezo ndi zochokera kwa opanga osiyanasiyana, momwe thovu limagwirira ntchito ndi zosiyana, apa gwiritsani ntchito zilembo zazikulu zosiyanasiyana kuyimira opanga osiyanasiyana azinthu zopangira)

① Pakati pa ma surfactants, sodium lauryl glutamate ili ndi mphamvu yayikulu yotulutsa thovu, ndipo disodium lauryl sulfosuccinate ili ndi mphamvu yofooka yotulutsa thovu.

② Mankhwala ambiri opangidwa ndi sulfate surfactants, amphoteric surfactants ndi non-ionic surfactants ali ndi mphamvu yolimba yokhazikika ya thovu, pomwe amino acid surfactants nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mphamvu yofooka yokhazikika ya thovu. Ngati mukufuna kupanga zinthu zopangidwa ndi amino acid surfactants, mutha kuganizira kugwiritsa ntchito amphoteric kapena non-ionic surfactants omwe ali ndi mphamvu yolimba yotulutsa thovu komanso yokhazikika ya thovu.
 
Chithunzi cha mphamvu yotulutsa thovu ndi mphamvu yokhazikika yotulutsa thovu ya chinthu chomwecho:
 

Sodium lauryl glutamate

Ammonium lauryl sulfate

Palibe mgwirizano pakati pa momwe thovu limagwirira ntchito ndi momwe thovu limagwirira ntchito monga momwe thovu limagwirira ntchito, ndipo momwe thovu limagwirira ntchito limodzi ndi thovu siligwira ntchito bwino sizingakhale zabwino.
Kuyerekeza kukhazikika kwa thovu la surfactant yosiyana:

 
Ps: Chiŵerengero cha kusintha kwa mphamvu = (kutalika kwa thovu pa mphindi 0 – kutalika kwa thovu pa mphindi 60)/kutalika kwa thovu pa mphindi 0
Njira zowunikira: Kuchuluka kwa kusintha kwa chiwerengero, kufooka kwa mphamvu yokhazikika kwa thovu kumachepa.
Kudzera mu kusanthula kwa tchati cha thovu, zitha kutsimikizika kuti:

① Disodium cocamphoamphodiacetate ili ndi mphamvu yolimba kwambiri yolimbitsa thovu, pomwe lauryl hydroxyl sulfobetaine ili ndi mphamvu yofooka kwambiri yolimbitsa thovu.

② Mphamvu yokhazikika ya thovu ya lauryl alcohol sulfate surfactants nthawi zambiri imakhala yabwino, ndipo mphamvu yokhazikika ya amino acid anionic surfactants nthawi zambiri imakhala yotsika;

Chidule cha kapangidwe ka fomula:

Kutengera ndi momwe thovu limagwirira ntchito komanso momwe thovu limagwirira ntchito, choyambitsa pamwamba chimagwirira ntchito, palibe lamulo ndi mgwirizano pakati pa ziwirizi, ndiko kuti, momwe thovu limagwirira ntchito bwino sikutanthauza kuti thovu limagwirira ntchito bwino. Izi zimatipangitsa kuti tigwiritse ntchito zinthu zopangira surfactant, tiyenera kuganizira momwe surfactant imagwirira ntchito bwino, kuphatikiza koyenera kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya surfactant, kuti tipeze thovu labwino kwambiri. Nthawi yomweyo, imaphatikizidwa ndi ma surfactants omwe ali ndi mphamvu yotulutsa mafuta kuti akwaniritse zotsatira zoyeretsa za thovu komanso mphamvu yotulutsa mafuta.

Mayeso a mphamvu yochotsera mafuta:

Cholinga: Kuwunika zinthu zoyambitsa pamwamba zomwe zili ndi mphamvu yayikulu yochotsa mkangano, ndikupeza ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa mphamvu ya thovu ndi mphamvu yochotsera mafuta kudzera mu kusanthula ndi kuyerekeza.
Njira zowunikira: Tinayerekeza deta ya ma pixels a banga la nsalu ya filimu isanayambe komanso itatha kuchotsa kuipitsidwa kwa pamwamba pa activator, tinawerengera mtengo woyendera, ndikupanga index ya mphamvu yochotsera mafuta. Index ikakwera, mphamvu yochotsera mafuta imakhala yolimba.
 

 
Kuchokera pa deta yomwe ili pamwambapa, mphamvu yamphamvu yochotsera mafuta ndi ammonium lauryl sulfate, ndipo mphamvu yofooka yochotsera mafuta ndi CMEA ziwiri;
Kuchokera ku deta yoyesedwa pamwambapa, tinganene kuti palibe mgwirizano wachindunji pakati pa mphamvu ya thovu la surfactant ndi mphamvu yake yochotsera mafuta. Mwachitsanzo, mphamvu ya thovu ya ammonium lauryl sulfate yokhala ndi mphamvu yamphamvu yochotsera mafuta si yabwino. Komabe, mphamvu ya thovu ya C14-16 olefin sodium sulfonate, yomwe ili ndi mphamvu yochepa yochotsera mafuta, ili patsogolo.
 

Nanga n’chifukwa chiyani tsitsi lanu likamakhala ndi mafuta ambiri, limakhala lopanda thovu? (Mukamagwiritsa ntchito shampu yomweyo).

Ndipotu, izi ndi zochitika zapadziko lonse. Mukatsuka tsitsi lanu ndi mafuta ambiri, thovu limachepa mwachangu. Kodi izi zikutanthauza kuti mphamvu ya thovu imakhala yoipa? Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kodi mphamvu ya thovu ikagwira ntchito bwino, mphamvu yochotsera mafuta imakulanso?
Tikudziwa kale kuchokera ku deta yomwe yapezeka poyesa kuti kuchuluka kwa thovu ndi kulimba kwa thovu zimatsimikiziridwa ndi makhalidwe a thovu la surfactant lokha, kutanthauza makhalidwe a thovu ndi makhalidwe okhazikika a thovu. Mphamvu yochotsa kuipitsidwa kwa surfactant lokha sidzafooka ndi kuchepa kwa thovu. Mfundo iyi yatsimikiziridwanso pamene tamaliza kudziwa mphamvu yochotsera mafuta ya activator pamwamba, activator pamwamba yokhala ndi makhalidwe abwino a thovu sangakhale ndi mphamvu yabwino yochotsera mafuta, ndipo mosemphanitsa.
 
Kuphatikiza apo, tingathenso kutsimikizira kuti palibe mgwirizano wachindunji pakati pa thovu ndi chotsitsa mafuta cha surfactant kuchokera ku mfundo zosiyanasiyana zogwirira ntchito za ziwirizi.
 
Ntchito ya thovu la surfactant:

Thovu ndi mtundu wa chinthu chogwira ntchito pamwamba pa zinthu zinazake, ntchito yake yayikulu ndikupatsa njira yoyeretsera kukhala yabwino komanso yosangalatsa, kutsatiridwa ndi kuyeretsa mafuta kumachita gawo lothandizira, kotero kuti mafutawo sakhala osavuta kukhazikikanso pansi pa mphamvu ya thovu, komanso kuti asambitsidwe mosavuta.
 
Mfundo yogwiritsira ntchito thovu ndi kuchotsa mafuta a surfactant:
Mphamvu yoyeretsera ya surfactant imachokera ku kuthekera kwake kuchepetsa mphamvu ya pakati pa mafuta ndi madzi (kuchotsa mafuta), m'malo mochepetsa mphamvu ya pakati pa madzi ndi mpweya (thovu).
Monga tanenera kumayambiriro kwa nkhaniyi, ma surfactants ndi mamolekyu a amphiphilic, limodzi mwa iwo ndi lokonda madzi ndipo lina ndi lokonda madzi. Chifukwa chake, pakakhala kuchuluka kochepa, surfactant imakonda kukhala pamwamba pa madzi, ndipo mbali yake ya lipophilic (yodana ndi madzi) imayang'ana kunja, choyamba kuphimba pamwamba pa madzi, ndiko kuti, mawonekedwe a madzi ndi mpweya, motero kuchepetsa kupsinjika pa mawonekedwe awa.

Komabe, pamene kuchuluka kwa madzi kupitirira mfundo imodzi, chinthu chopangira madzi chimayamba kusonkhana pamodzi, kupanga ma micelles, ndipo mphamvu ya interfacial sidzatsikanso. Kuchuluka kumeneku kumatchedwa kuchuluka kwa madzi a micelle kofunikira.
 

 
Mphamvu ya ma surfactants yotulutsa thovu ndi yabwino, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti ili ndi mphamvu yayikulu yochepetsera mphamvu ya interfacial pakati pa madzi ndi mpweya, ndipo zotsatira za kuchepa kwa mphamvu ya interfacial ndikuti madziwo nthawi zambiri amapanga malo ambiri (malo onse pamwamba pa thovu ndi akulu kwambiri kuposa a madzi odekha).
Mphamvu yochotsera kuipitsidwa kwa chinthu chopangidwa ndi surfactant ili m'kutha kwake kunyowetsa pamwamba pa banga ndikuchisakaniza, kutanthauza kuti, "kuphimba" mafutawo ndikulola kuti asungunuke ndikutsukidwa m'madzi.
 
Chifukwa chake, mphamvu yochotsa kuipitsidwa kwa surfactant imagwirizana ndi mphamvu yake yoyatsira mawonekedwe a mafuta ndi madzi, pomwe mphamvu yotulutsa thovu imayimira mphamvu yake yoyatsira mawonekedwe a madzi ndi mpweya, ndipo ziwirizi sizikugwirizana kwathunthu. Kuphatikiza apo, palinso zotsukira zambiri zosatulutsa thovu, monga mafuta ochotsera zodzoladzola ndi mafuta ochotsera zodzoladzola omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'moyo wathu watsiku ndi tsiku, omwe alinso ndi mphamvu yochotsa kuipitsidwa, koma palibe thovu lomwe limapangidwa, ndipo n'zoonekeratu kuti thovu ndi kuchotsa kuipitsidwa si chinthu chimodzi.
 
Kudzera mu kuzindikira ndi kuwunika makhalidwe a thovu la surfactant yosiyana, titha kupeza bwino surfactant yokhala ndi makhalidwe abwino a thovu, kenako kudzera mu kuzindikira ndi kutsata mphamvu ya degreasing ya surfactant, tiyenera kuchotsa mphamvu ya surfactant yoipitsa. Pambuyo pa kusakanikirana kumeneku, onetsani bwino ubwino wa ma surfactant osiyanasiyana, pangani ma surfactants kukhala athunthu komanso abwino kwambiri, ndikupeza luso loyeretsa bwino komanso luso logwiritsa ntchito. Kuphatikiza apo, timazindikiranso kuchokera ku mfundo yogwirira ntchito ya surfactant kuti thovu siligwirizana mwachindunji ndi mphamvu yoyeretsera, ndipo kuzindikira kumeneku kungatithandize kukhala ndi malingaliro athu ndi kuzindikira pogwiritsa ntchito shampu, kuti tisankhe chinthu choyenera kwa ife.