Kuchiza madzi otayira okhala ndi asidi

Madzi otayirira okhala ndi asidi ndi madzi otayirira okhala ndi pH yochepera 6. Malinga ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma asidi, madzi otayirira okhala ndi asidi amatha kugawidwa m'magawo monga madzi otayirira okhala ndi asidi osapangidwa ndi organic acid ndi madzi otayirira okhala ndi asidi wofooka. Madzi otayirira okhala ndi asidi ochepa komanso madzi otayirira okhala ndi asidi ochepa; Madzi otayirira okhala ndi asidi ochepa komanso madzi otayirira okhala ndi asidi ambiri. Nthawi zambiri madzi otayirira okhala ndi asidi, kuwonjezera pa kukhala ndi asidi ena, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ma ayoni achitsulo cholemera ndi mchere wawo ndi zinthu zina zovulaza. Madzi otayirira okhala ndi asidi amachokera ku magwero osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo migodi yotulutsira madzi, hydrometallurgy, chitsulo chozungulira, mankhwala achitsulo ndi zitsulo zopanda chitsulo pamwamba, makampani opanga mankhwala, kupanga ma asidi, utoto, electrolysis, electroplating, ulusi wopangira ndi magawo ena a mafakitale. Madzi otayirira okhala ndi asidi ambiri ndi madzi otayirira okhala ndi sulfuric acid, otsatiridwa ndi hydrochloric acid ndi nitric acid. Chaka chilichonse, China ikufuna kutulutsa pafupifupi ma cubic mita miliyoni a asidi otayirira m'mafakitale, ngati madzi otayirirawa atatulutsidwa mwachindunji popanda kukonzedwa, adzawononga mapaipi, kuwononga mbewu, kuvulaza nsomba, kuwononga zombo, ndikuwononga thanzi la chilengedwe. Madzi otayira a asidi m'mafakitale ayenera kutsukidwa kuti akwaniritse miyezo ya dziko lonse yotulutsira madzi asanatulutsidwe, madzi otayira a asidi akhoza kubwezeretsedwanso ndikugwiritsidwanso ntchito. Pochiza asidi wotayira, njira zomwe zingasankhidwe zikuphatikizapo kuchiza mchere, njira yowunikira, njira yochepetsera mankhwala, njira yochotsera, njira yosinthira ma ion resin, njira yolekanitsira nembanemba, ndi zina zotero.

1. kubwezeretsanso mchere

Chomwe chimatchedwa salting out ndi kugwiritsa ntchito madzi ambiri amchere okhuta kuti achepetse pafupifupi zinyalala zonse za organic mu asidi wotayika. Komabe, njira iyi ipanga hydrochloric acid ndikukhudza kubwezeretsedwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa sulfuric acid mu asidi wotayika, kotero njira yochotsera zinyalala za organic mu asidi wotayika pogwiritsa ntchito sodium bisulphate saturated solution idaphunziridwa.
Asidi wotayidwayo ali ndi sulfuric acid ndi zinthu zina zodetsedwa zachilengedwe, zomwe makamaka ndi 6-chloro-3-nitrotoluene-4 sulfonic acid ndi ma isomers osiyanasiyana kupatula 6-chloro-3-nitrotoluene-4-sulfonic acid omwe amapangidwa ndi toluene panthawi ya sulfonation, chlorination ndi nitrification. Njira yothira mchere ndikugwiritsa ntchito madzi ambiri amchere kuti achepetse zodetsedwa zonse zachilengedwe mu asidi wotayidwayo. Njira yobwezeretsanso mchere sikuti imangochotsa zodetsedwa zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe mu asidi wotayidwayo, komanso kubwezeretsa sulfuric acid kuti iike mu kupanga, kusunga ndalama ndi mphamvu.

2. Njira yokazinga

Njira yokazinga imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa asidi wosasunthika monga hydrochloric acid, yomwe imalekanitsidwa ndi yankho mwa kukazinga kuti ipeze mphamvu yobwezeretsa.

3. Njira yothetsera mankhwala

Kuyankha koyambira kwa H+(aq)+OH-(aq)=H2O ndi maziko ofunikira pochiza madzi otayira okhala ndi asidi. Njira zodziwika bwino zochizira madzi otayira okhala ndi asidi zimaphatikizapo kuletsa ndi kubwezeretsanso, kuletsa madzi otayira okhala ndi asidi, kuletsa mankhwala, kuletsa kusefa, ndi zina zotero. M'masiku oyambirira a mabizinesi ena achitsulo ndi zitsulo ku China, ambiri a iwo ankagwiritsa ntchito njira yoletsa acid-base pochiza madzi otayira a hydrochloric acid ndi sulfuric acid pickling, kotero kuti pH ifike pamlingo woyikira. Sodium carbonate (soda ash), sodium hydroxide, limestone kapena laimu ngati zinthu zopangira kuletsa acid-base, kugwiritsa ntchito kwakukulu ndikotsika mtengo, kosavuta kupanga laimu.

4. Njira yochotsera

Kutulutsa madzi ndi madzi, komwe kumadziwikanso kuti kutulutsa madzi osungunuka, ndi ntchito ya unit yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito kusiyana kwa kusungunuka kwa zigawo zomwe zili mumadzi opangira zinthu mu solvent yoyenera kuti zitheke kulekanitsidwa. Pochiza madzi otayika okhala ndi asidi, ndikofunikira kuti madzi otayika okhala ndi asidi ndi organic solvent zigwirizane mokwanira, kuti zonyansa zomwe zili mu asidi otayika zisunthidwe ku solvent. Zofunikira za extractant ndi izi: (1) kuti asidi otayika akhale opanda kanthu, sachitapo kanthu ndi asidi otayika, ndipo samasungunuka mu asidi otayika; (2) Zonyansa zomwe zili mu asidi otayika zimakhala ndi gawo lalikulu mu extractant ndi sulfuric acid; (3) Mtengo wake ndi wotsika mtengo komanso wosavuta kupeza; (4) Zosavuta kulekanitsa ndi zonyansa, kutayika pang'ono mukachotsa. Zotulutsa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi benzene (toluene, nitrobenzene, chlorobenzene), phenols (creosote crude diphenol), halogenated hydrocarbons (trichloroethane, dichloroethane), isopropyl ether ndi N-503.

5. njira yosinthira utomoni wa ayoni

Mfundo yaikulu yogwiritsira ntchito utomoni wosinthana wa ion ndi yakuti ma resin ena osinthana a ion amatha kuyamwa ma asidi achilengedwe kuchokera ku yankho la zinyalala za asidi ndikuchotsa ma asidi osapangidwa ndi zinthu ndi mchere wachitsulo kuti athetse kulekanitsa ma asidi ndi mchere wosiyanasiyana.

6. njira yolekanitsira nembanemba

Pa madzi otayidwa ndi asidi, njira zochizira ndi nembanemba monga dialysis ndi electrodialysis zingagwiritsidwenso ntchito. Kubwezeretsa kwa nembanemba kuchokera ku asidi otayidwa kumagwiritsa ntchito mfundo ya dialysis, yomwe imayendetsedwa ndi kusiyana kwa kuchuluka kwa madzi. Chipangizo chonsecho chimapangidwa ndi nembanemba ya dialysis yofalikira, mbale yogawa madzi, mbale yolimbikitsira, chimango cha mbale yoyenda madzi, ndi zina zotero, ndipo chimapeza mphamvu yolekanitsa mwa kulekanitsa zinthu mu madzi otayidwa.

7. njira yozizira yopangira makristalo

Njira yozizira yopangira makristalo ndi njira yochepetsera kutentha kwa yankho ndikuchepetsa kusungunuka kwa chitsulo. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza zinyalala kuti zinyalala zomwe zili mu asidi ziziziritsidwe kuti zibwezeretse yankho la asidi lomwe likukwaniritsa zofunikira ndipo lingagwiritsidwenso ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, zinyalala za sulfuric acid zomwe zimatulutsidwa kuchokera ku acyl-washing process ya mphero yozungulira zimakhala ndi ferrous sulfate yambiri, yomwe imakonzedwa ndi njira yowunikira-crystallization ndi kusefa. Pambuyo pochotsa ferrous sulfate posefa, asidiyo imatha kubwezeretsedwa ku njira yopangira chitsulo kuti ipitirire kugwiritsidwa ntchito.

Kuzizira kwa makristalo kuli ndi ntchito zambiri zamafakitale, zomwe zawonetsedwa pano ndi njira yopangira pickling pokonza zitsulo. Pakukonza zitsulo ndi makina, sulfuric acid solution imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuchotsa dzimbiri pamwamba pa chitsulo. Chifukwa chake, kubwezeretsanso zinyalala za asidi kumatha kuchepetsa kwambiri ndalama ndikuteteza chilengedwe. Kuzizira kwa makristalo kumagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale kuti akwaniritse njirayi.

8. Njira yothira okosijeni

Njira imeneyi yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali, ndipo mfundo yake ndi kuwononga zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zili mu sulfuric acid pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopangitsa kuti zisawonongeke m'malo oyenera, kuti zisinthe kukhala carbon dioxide, madzi, nitrogen oxides, ndi zina zotero, ndikulekanitsidwa ndi sulfuric acid, kuti sulfuric acid yotayidwayo iyeretsedwe ndikubwezeretsedwanso. Ma oxidant omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, perchloric acid, hypochlorous acid, nitrate, ozone ndi zina zotero. Chowonjezera chilichonse chili ndi ubwino wake komanso zofooka zake.